Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence Essay

In 1983 Howard Gardner changed the perception of intelligence and learning with his theory of multiple intelligences. He believed that the traditional view of intelligence that was based on the dimensions of mathematical, logical, and verbal didn’t completely reflect the human ability. Gardner came up with eight intelligences with his theory. Gardner defines â€Å"intelligences† as an ability of the human brain. He believes that the level of ability can grow or recede throughout your life, depending on your efforts and experiences. Gardner’s theory means that there are more than the traditional three ways to learn. It means that people have more ability than what was originally expected. Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory has eight intelligences or area of abilities. These eight intelligences are; verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and naturalist. Verbal- Linguistic is the ability to communicate through language; reading, writing, speaking, and listening. A few of the skills associated with this ability are; remembering terms easily, mastering a foreign language, and using speech or writing to convince someone to do something or believe something. The following techniques will maximize the ability of verbal-linguistic; use a computer to retype and summarize notes, read text and highlight selectively, outline chapters, and recite information or write scripts/debates. Logical-mathematical is the ability to understand logical reasoning and problem solving; math, science, patterns, and sequences. Recognizing abstract patterns, using facts to support an idea, and generating ideas based on evidence, reasoning scientifically (formulating and testing a hypothesis) are some of the skills of the logical-mathematical intelligence. Organize material logically; if it suits the topic, use a spreadsheet program, explain material sequentially to someone, develop systems and find patterns, and analyze and evaluate information are just a few of the ways to maximize this intelligence. Bodily-kinesthetic is the ability to use the physical body skillfully and to take in knowledge through bodily sensation; coordination, working, with hands. The skills associated with bodily-kinesthetic; strong mind-body connection, controlling and coordinating body movement, and using the body to create products or express emotion. Moving while you learn; pace and recite, rewrite or retype notes engage â€Å"muscle memory†, design and play games to learn material, and act out scripts of material are the techniques to maximize this intelligence. Visual-spatial is the ability to understand spatial relationships and to perceive and create images; visual art, graphic design, charts and maps. A few of the skills for visual-spatial are; recognizing relationships between objects, representing something graphically, and manipulating images. To maximize the intelligence of visual-spatial you can do the following; develop graphic organizers for new material, draw mind maps/think links, use a computer to develop charts and tables, and use color in notes to organize. Interpersonal intelligence has the ability to relate to others, noticing their moods, motivations, and feelings; social activity, cooperative learning, and teamwork are just a few. Skills for the interpersonal intelligence are; seeing things from others’ perspectives, noticing moods, intentions, and temperaments of others, and gauging the most effective way to work with individual group members. The best techniques to maximize this intelligence are; studying in a group, discuss material over the phone or send instant messages, teach someone else the material, and make time to discuss assignments and test with your instructor. With the intrapersonal intelligence you have the ability to understand one’s own behavior and feelings; self-awareness, independence, time spent alone. Skills associated with this intelligence are; accessing one’s internal emotions, understanding feelings and using them to guide behavior, and understanding self in relation to others. To maximize the intrapersonal intelligence use these techniques; reflect on personal meaning of information, keep a journal, study in quiet areas, and imagine essays or experiments before beginning. The musical intelligence has the ability to comprehend and create meaningful sound; sensitivity to music and musical patterns. The skills associated with the musical intelligence are; sensing tonal qualities, being sensitive to sound and rhythms in music and in spoken language, and using an understanding of musical patterns to hear music. To maximize the musical intelligence you need to use these techniques; create rhythms out of words, beat out rhythms with hand or stick while reciting concepts, write songs/raps that help you learn concepts, and chant or sing study material along with a favorite tune as you listen. A naturalist has the ability to identify, distinguish, categorize, and classify species or items, often incorporating high interest in elements of the natural environment. A naturalistic has skills that give them the ability to categorize something as a member of a group or species, understanding of relationships among natural organisms, and deep comfort with, and respect for, the natural world. To maximize the naturalistic intelligence these techniques are best; break down information into categories, look for ways in which items fit or don’t fit together, look for relationships among ideas, events, facts, and study in a natural setting if it helps you to focus. The two intelligences that apply most closely with me are verbal-linguistic and interpersonal. I would say that I have very good people skills, meaning that I can communicate well with and to others. I can remember terms easily because I write them down on index cards and study them that way. I am always taking notes and going back and rewriting them and then highlighting the most important information out of the notes, that gives me the verbal-linguistic intelligence. I relate well to others and feel that I am a good judge on picking up on their feelings and moods, which means that I have very good interpersonal intelligence skills. I work well in teams or alone, and can get along with just about everyone I meet. I’m really good at putting myself in another’s shoes so to speak, and seeing things from their point of view. With all things considered I feel that these are my two best intelligences, verbal-linguistic and interpersonal.

Case Analysis Raisio Group And The Benecol Essay

1. Problem Originated from a grain-milling company in Finland, the 57-year-old Rasio Group developed a substantial export business which accounted for 39% of its sales by 1996. Its main products including margarine, pasta and other food products were manufactured, sold locally and exported. In 1995, a blockbuster product Benecol, cholesterol-lowering margarine, attracted the interest of food processors and supermarket groups throughout the world and fueled a surge of investor interest. Stanol ester is the active ingredient that provides the lower cholesterol benefit. There was huge marketing potential and profit opportunity for Raisio. However, its limited production capacity, limited supply of stanol ester, few facilities, limited experience outside Finland, different product formulation requirements, different marketing channels and complicated regulations in different countries challenged its further strategy. 2. Analysis and assessment of strategy to date for commercializing the innovations A largely self-sufficient strategy/a strategy of vertical integration: Raisio had fabricated stanol ester itself in its own plant using its own technology. Its stanol ester was used only in its own branded margarine, Benecol, which was produced in its own factories and marketed and distributed through its own sales and distribution system. This strategy enabled Raisio to have control over the technology, reduce transactions costs of market contracts and maintain superior coordination through the value chain, but it failed in meeting market demand home and broad due to limited production capacity and limited supply of raw material. Besides the demand, it would take a long time for Benecol to fully market in other countries. That would be risky, as it only had 18- to 24-month lead time over its competitors. It’s impossible to open all markets by acquisition which entails high cost and various management issue. Therefore, the strategy won’t allow Raisio to realize the international launch of Benecol during the lead time, or help it meet the worldwide demand. 3. Assessment of Raisio’s competitive position in January 1997 Supplier power: high. The raw material for producing stanol ester was limited, many companies similar to its current supplier hadn’t had the system in place to collect the plan sterols.  Buyer power: low. Because of the new technology’s significant effect on reducing cholesterol, Benecol margarine was priced about six times the price of regular margarine, even so the demand was still very high. Threat of entry: low within 18- to 24-month. The patent bought them that much lead time over its competitors. Substitutes: high. A number of competing products were available for reducing cholesterol such as naturally available plant sterols. The possibility of using plant sterols as a food additive increased the risk of being substituted. A growing array of cholesterol-reducing drugs was available on the market. There are also a number of natural food products that have the effect of reducing cholesterol within the blood, including fish oil, garlic, flax seed, dietary fiber, policosanol, and guggulipid. Industry rivalry: temporarily low. It maintained leading position for Benecol because of the innovation. But the product was single, not diversified. The profit margin was very low, only 4.1%.  In short, Raisio had a favorable competitive advantage over its competitors, but would only within the lead time if it couldn’t figure out a suitable strategy and feasible plan. 4. The alternative strategies available to Raisio in 1997 (1) To establish partnership with Johnson & Johnson (J&J) to utilize its extensive experience worldwide. According to the case, it would be exclusive partnership. Considering J&J’s experience which was exactly Raisio needs, the partnership was feasible for its international launch of Benecol. (2) To focus on its key ingredient, stanol ester and exploit its innovation more widely so as to produce and supply to a number of suppliers and food processors. As the key competence of Benecol margarine was the key ingredient, the innovation would diversify the usage of stanol ester in more kinds of drinks  and food so as to increase Raisio’s competence. However, I won’t suggest Raision to provide the ingredient to more suppliers and food processor, as it would weaken Benecol products’ uniqueness. (3) To keep its production of stanol ester in-house or license this technology. As mentioned above, this technology was the key to its success. I wouldn’t recommend license it out. 5. Summary/Proposed Strategy Based on the analysis and assessment, firstly I would recommend Benecol product be diversified and defined as functional food. The diversification and raw material shortage would require more R&D. This not only reflected Raisio’s technical ingenuity, but also was key to its success. In 1996, R&D only accounted for 2.2% of its revenue. Through R&D, Raisio would probably find more ways to produce stanol ester. It would also be beneficial if Raisio started nourish more suppliers of plant stenols to increase its bargaining power as well as get stable supply of the raw material. Secondly, I would suggest Raisio establish exclusive partnership with J&J to produce, market and distribute diversified products with the new innovation in other markets other than Finland, the nearby markets and the markets which already had joint ventures. Two important provision should include (1) all products should be under the brand of Benecol to ensure the increase of the brand value. Once Raisio wants to buy it back, the established brand would be value-added for Raisio, like what many international companies have done to enter a new market with complicated regulations and laws, different marketing channels and culture, etc.; (2) J&J involves Rasio in the value chain of the brand to enable Raisio gain experience/learning opportunity from J&J. The strategy would solve the problems of production capacity, lack of marketing and distribution experience in many countries, and would help avoid complicated regulatory issues. (3) Regarding different regulations and market conditions, the marketing plan should be promoted progressively. Marketing stage 1: The markets for the first stage should include the US and European Union which were the biggest potential markets for Benecol products and the regulation situation of the two markets were relatively clear and efficient. In US, it allowed the product to gain approval as a dietary supplement. It was the  simplest path which only took 60 days file notification with supporting evidence before commercial rollout. In European Union, it was possible to go through fast-track approval, as it had already been marketed in Finland. Marketing stage 2: J&J would probably start bring the products into the markets with huge potential simultaneously, as it would take a longer time to gain approval. Last but not least, based on the revenue breakdown in 1997, Raisio would allocate more recourses to the business unit of animal feeds, as the markets for animal feeds would be promising. For chemicals, though it represented 34% of its total sales, I would suggest Raisio take it as byproduct of its R&D. No detailed recommendation for those two units would be made due to limited information.

Globalization and its effects on developing nations Essay

Globalization and its effects on developing nations - Essay Example Although, it has been a decade since they were granted freedom yet their problems remain the same as before. The previous oppression has had its lasting effects but a number of nations are struggling to overcome their problems and pave way for them in this new age of technology (Mohamad, 1996). Globalization is a process which provides opportunity to gain access to international markets and provides means to gain free trade. This in turn creates not only job opportunities but also boosts economy. The opportunities of free trade for developing countries prove to be beneficial as it increases the opportunity to make foreign currency as well as provides the means of creating export markets on international scale. Globalization also makes it possible for the developing countries to acquire the latest and advanced technology. This latest technology helps to improve every sector including educational as well as industrial. Globalization also makes the developing nations to raise the standards of their products to meet international standards. However, there are many negative aspects to globalization which affects the developing nations mainly. First is the issue of unequal flow of money between developed and developing countries. A report of IMF showed that the income of developed and rich countries have increased six times between 1900 and 2000 as compared to the poor nations or developing countries whose income only improved by 3% during the same period (essa, 2003). Globalization also causes decrease in labor for developing countries as more and more people shift to developed countries in order to gain better opportunities of employment. Developing nations are under heavy debts due to the loans they are obtaining for severe conditioned in order to meet the challenges of globalization. Another factor is of so called democratic freedom for every nation in a globalized world. Yet the developing

Does the jury system fits the Qatari legal system Research Paper

Does the jury system fits the Qatari legal system - Research Paper Example Qatari Legal System The Qatar Legal System, which is a unique one, is marked by the two unique features. Firstly, being a conservative Muslim country, Qatar’s legal system is based upon the Islamic Law, which is known as Sharia. Next, subsequent to the country’s independence in 1971, the civil court (Adlia Court) was formed, to address issues resulting from the end of the British control. (1) The legal scene of Qatar is in start contrast to that of the four neighboring Islamic societies: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Bahrain. In these four zones, special courts or committees regulate the matters of non-Muslim citizens. But it Qatar, it is the aforementioned Adlia Court that is empowered to pass all laws and regulations governing people belonging to religions other than Islam. (1) For the duration of the preceding few centuries, Qatar’s legal system evolved through three phases and reached its present position. The following are the three patterns of law that had governed the three phases: tribal law, sharia law and modern law. During the phase of the tribal law, some of the judgments handed out were barbaric, to say the least. In that stage, the tribal laws and customs were enforced with utmost severity. Subsequently, there was the advent of the stage where, the Sharia, which is the divine revelation of the regulations to be followed, was adhered to. After that, the British ruled Qatar for the period 1916-1971, and during this time, their (British) laws were the ones that governed the country. And after end of the British regime, the Sharia Law regained its position of supremacy, in the country’s realm of Law. (1) It was almost at the time of independence that the revenue that Qatar derived from oil started to display a rapid growth, and thus paving the way for modernization. And along with this modernization came many new problems warranting immediate attention. As mentioned earlier, the Adlia Court came into being primarily with the objective of addressing these problems. (1) Absence of Jury It has been seen that the modern-day legal system of Qatar is the one that is based on Sharia, which is the word of God. Owing to that, the aspect of referring to previous cases, for arriving at the judgment is conspicuous by its absence in the nation’s legal scenario. To put it in other words, as the Sharia is the law given by the Almighty, there is no scope for both ambiguity and also seeking other sources for guidance, in legal matters. In Qatar Courts, the judge arrives at his decision, fully relying upon their knowledge of the Holy Shraia, and hence this judgment cannot be challenged. As it is the divine word that is the source of the country’s (Qatar) law, both the plaintiffs and defendants cannot use the services of lawyers. They (plaintiffs and defendants) are necessitated to directly present their respective arguments, on their own. (2) At this juncture, it needs to be noted that ju ry was not followed by Qatar, in any of the three stages of the legal system. The reason behind that is very simple to understand. When it is divine revelation that is the foundation on which the law rests, there is no scope for too many arguments in the courts. The word of God cannot be questioned. At this point of this write-up, it won’t be out of place in having a brief look at the jury system that is being followed in the United States. This would be of

Wire Systems in Telecommunications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wire Systems in Telecommunications - Essay Example He is still using these techniques. Initially, he was bound to serve his purpose through the medium of nature since he opened eye in its lap and there was no other techno logy or resources available for this purpose. Historical Background: Relationship to the Needs of the Society Native Americans, in ancient times, used a distinctive technique for communication called smoke signals. This may be termed as the first and foremost means of signal based communication. In this technique, columns or puffs of smoke were dispatched into the air in different shapes and frequencies on encoding side. On the other decoding side, signals would be perceived as desired by the signaler. These smoke signals cannot be declared or rated precisely a full language, but were typically used as short signals of communication. Some of the standard signals even retain information today. For example, one puff of smoke dispatched into the air was supposed to signal intended viewer’s attention. While, on t he other hand, two puffs meant nothing dangerous and every thing is all right. Contrary to this, three puffs signal hazard, call for aid, or merely some expected trouble. The smoke was produced by putting together green branches or leaves of grass into the fire. In this practice, blankets are used to direct the smoke puffs. Beside this, important events were also discernible by smoke signals. These events constitute war, birth, marriage or death. There were also light and heavy signals in vogue, each meaning variegated things. One meant good event, while the other meant bad news. The popularity or authenticity of this system can be viewed from this fact that this smoke signals methods being the old form of Native American communication, are still used today by the strategic personnel. As far as the mechanism of production and comprehension of these signals was concerned, it was not random. Every thing was calculated and sensitive frequency oriented, though, not as sophisticated and digitalized calculated as contemporary technology. One can consider smoke signals as a visual telegraph. The viewer can see smoke signals over a stretched distance, and decode the smoke to interpret the nature of message. In order to create smoke signals, put a blanket over the fire. Afterwards, include grass and newly born green branches to generate more smoke. To launch a short puff of smoke, raise the cover hurriedly, then put it down again. For long puffs of smoke, intuitively manage to raise the cover for a longer but for tentatively accurate time. Coordinate and manage time and distance ratio with a specific speed to get the target or desired length of the puffs. Variation of puff sends a distinctive message. Smoke signals cannot be asserted as standardized. The users, then using the required code, always conclude the target for communication. In digitalized technology today, to log on means to enter a specific cyber account or to turn our computers on. In the same way, for sm oke signals, the signalers also log on, by adding logs to this fire or smoke. Wire System Communication Advancement in Canada and US During the next decade we will see a change in the way we communicate with machines and the equipment that we use. The user will respond directly to questions that their equipment asks them with the technology having voice recognition of the user's voice. Improved shopping systems will help businesses order what they need while the persons are at home, on the road, or flying to a business venture. Live video will become a wave of the future replacing conventional communications. Some experts believe that virtual reality could take over the video feeds period. With the growth of technology

Stylistic Analysis of peer Reviewed Articles Essay

Stylistic Analysis of peer Reviewed Articles - Essay Example There are no references from other sources of information are conservative and keenly asserted by the author. The article is based on the author’s perspective. Federspiel and Fisks works are an example used by the author. The level of vocabulary used is intermediate to enhance comprehension of the article. It focuses on a particular discipline (Matsuoka, 2005). In the third article, which is a report prepared by the Ministry of Education, the language used is formal. It is mainly because it is a formal report addressed to the ministry related to education. The use of tables, presence of introductive and conclusive sub-headings in the work further support that it is a formal article (Ockert, 2012). Quotations from trustees, students and teachers cater for the void left by the absence of in-text citations that are common in formal texts. The level of vocabulary used is interactive to enhance the effectiveness of the delivery of the message intended to be passed to the ministry. However, it is not specific to a particular

UK Retail Banking Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UK Retail Banking Sector - Essay Example These form 90% of the total market share of the industry. HSBC takes the top position with assets worth $1,267,777 million. The major groups within which this sector can be divided are the big banks, also called High Street banks, the Building Societies, and the Direct Banks. The High Street banks are the normal banks which provide accounts and loans to customers and businesses. They also have branches which can be accessed by customers. â€Å"Building societies are mutual societies, which are owned by their members for the benefit of members i.e. of both savers and borrowers alike.† (Davidmann 2006). These societies were earlier catering to the mortgage market only but have now started providing deposit and accounts to the customers very much like the normal banks. Direct Banks do not have any branches but reach the customer through the internet and other electronic sources. Many High Street banks like HSBC and Barclays also provide direct banking solutions for the convenience of the consumers but unlike Direct Banks, they have their branches for other activities like product sale etc. Tesco Perso nal Finance, First Direct, and Egg are some examples of Direct Banks in the UK. As stated earlier, HSBC holds the top position by market value also at 122.29 pounds (2010). Building societies are not listed but Nationwide building society is one of the main financial institutes. These societies have now started working more or less like banks. The retail banking sector provides loans for various needs and attract deposits from customers to partly finance these loans. The transactions are mostly small in value but high in volume (Buckle and Thompson 2004). As this sector earns through volumes, it is very important to attract customers by providing product differentiation. This is provided by most of the banks by using highly complex Information Technology networks.  

Case Study-Based Assignment Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-Based Assignment - Case Study Example On general physical examination, Bukowskii had increased respiratory rate (22 breaths per minute), deep and laboured breathing and saturations of 89 percent on oxygen of 6L per minute. Respiratory system examination revealed intercostal muscle recession on inspection and diminished air entry to both bases and crepitations in the right base on auscultation. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed PaO2 less than 60mmHg (58mmHg) and PaCO2 more than 50 mmHg (54mmHg) with pH of 7.3. These are the four pieces of evidence pointing towards acute respiratory failure. Respiratory failure may be acute or chronic. In case of Bukowski, the respiratory failure is acute and this is indicated by the drastic change in the acid-base status (pH= 7.3). The cause of respiratory failure in him is the right lower lobe collapse-consolidation secondary to pneumonia. Lower respiratory tract infection is known as pneumonia. The pathology lies in the parenchyma of the lungs which consist of alveolar sacs. There are several causes to pneumonia, the most common of which is bacterial (Stephen, 2009). Bacterial pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired. In case of Bukowski, the pneumonia is hospital acquired. The most common respiratory failure is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure or type-1 which is seen in pneumonia. In acute respiratory failure, the pH is less than 7.3 (Nettina, 2009) as in Bukowski. Decreased oxygen saturation: Acute respiratory failure occurs when the body is unable to maintain gas exchage at a rate on par with the demands of the body like in paneumonia. The damage to lung parenchyma in pneumonia results in release of inflammatory mediators and fluids because of which intrapulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, hypoventilation and diffusion defects occur (Stephen, 2009). All these eventually lead to hypoxemia which is evident in the blood gas analysis of Bukowski (Ranjit, 2001). In ventilation-perfusion mismatch, areas which have lower ventilation as against perfusion contribute to hypoxemia. Intrapulmonary shunt causes deoxygenated blood to bypass ventilation in the alveoli resulting in venous admixture of blood (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003). Both these mechanisms cause a widening in the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. The normal difference is less than 15mmHg and when the difference exceeds this value, respiratory failure ensues (Kaynar and Sharma, 2009). The hypoxemia causes increased work of breathing resulting in respiratory fatigue. Respiratory fatigue and reduced alveolar ventilation in turn cause hypercarbia (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003).Thus, Bukowski developed hospital-aquired pneumonia because of which adequate gas exchange commensurate with the needs of the body was not met, resulting in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Elevated respiratory rate and work of breathing: Increased respiratory rate and accessory muscle usage are indicators of increased work of breathing (Stephen, 2009), secondary to decreased oxygen in the blood. Respiratory acidosis: The hypoxemia causes increased work of breathing resulting in respiratory fatigue. Respiratory fatigue and reduced alveolar ventilation inturn causes hypercarbia (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003). Auscultation: Pneumonia occurs secondary to immune and inflammatory response secondary to bacteria. Due to this, fluid and pus accumulate in the airspaces. This is h eard as crepitations on auscultation.

FMC Aberdeen and FMC Green River Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FMC Aberdeen and FMC Green River - Case Study Example The union structure has resulted in a formalized system of authority and decision making. Kenneth Dailey has shown a willingness to change and is open to trying new ideas. The culture at FMC Green River is a traditional company oriented system of values that have been shaped over several decades. Rules rather than values shape the culture. The production methods and safety concerns have necessitated the implementation of strict behavior patterns. There are few social ties within the company framework to develop a feeling of unity. There is a language that is common among the workers that does individualize the culture. While Kenneth Dailey has a willingness to initiate change, there is also a union contract that the company needs to follow. There is currently no clear plan or mechanism in place at FMC Green River that would aid in making any changes. The plants are well established and mature. The workforce reflects the cultural values of the region that the employee base was drawn from. FMC Green River could benefit from a reduction in its formal structure in favor of a more organic organization. The current system of rules at the facilities could be expressed as norms and values, which would provide the workers with greater autonomy. FMC Green River is a continuous production operation that has a single product, which would simplify integrating them into the decision making process. Because FMC Green River's workforce is regional, it would be open to having company events that would strengthen the informal culture and socialization of the employees. One of the current problems that FMC Green River has is a lack of a common company image among the employees. Company branding within the minds of the employees through signs, images, or mission statement could bring the culture closer together. FMC Green River is impeded by having no system of rites that define the worker's position within the organization. FMC Green River's current formal structure will make change a challenging proposition. There will be substantial resistance on the part of the workers as well as the existing systems. The current state of the organization will almost certainly dictate a revolutionary change that will require extensive planning and dedication. IV. Recommendations It is suggested that FMC Green River begin to empower their employees to make more independent decisions. Management and supervisors should begin to provide communications channels for feedback on efficiency and quality. This will require a material reward system to reinforce and motivate the workers. Kenneth Dailey can also begin to allocate more authority to the lower level supervisors to provide them more flexibility in creating company values instead of rigid rules. The facility should also create a system of recognition that would define the employee's role within the organization. The current union structure is impersonal and needs to be more individualized. A system of recognition for achievement would be an immediate step in this direction. A facility mission statement that reflects a common goal for all employees should be promoted within the plant. Kenneth Dailey should undertake an action research project to evaluate the cost and define the direction of a more radical change in organizational structure. Improving the communications

Everyday Drugs Essay Example for Free

Everyday Drugs Essay The essay â€Å"Everyday Drugs† written by Adam Smith reminds me that government plays an important role in our lives. The government is an important element for the existence of a state. Without which, a particular society will be in chaos. Anarchy will govern. There will be no order because people are not guided by any rules. Due to this, people will always think that every action they make is right. But since there is government, a world full of chaos is prevented. Every person is guided by laws that govern our action. Each government prescribes what is right and what is wrong. In my opinion, government is very important because it produces harmony and tranquility in a particular society. Sometimes, however, the presence of government restricts our actions too much. It sometimes hinders our freedom to act. Also, government in different countries perceive certain action to be right while some government perceives the same act as illegal. For example, in Holland, people are allowed to smoke cannabis in public places without being apprehended by the authorities. This is because smoking of cannabis is allowed in their country. However, if a person is seen smoking cannabis the United States, he or she will be apprehended because that particular act is proscribed in that country. There is no substantial distinction between the people in Holland and the people in America which will give the people in the former be allowed to smoke cannabis. The only difference between them is that the government perceives such act to be permissible in Holland while the other perceive it otherwise. In the essay, Smith associates government as a drug which prescribes to its people what are the action that are legal and what are those illegal. The government tries to manipulate what our action should be. I believe that it is alright for us to be guided by rules for as long as our freedom to act is not infringed.

Ray Bradbury A Biography

Ray Bradbury A Biography Ray Douglas BRADBURY (1920-2012) Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois. His father, Leonard Spaulding Bradbury, whose distant ancestor Mary Bradbury was among those tried for witchcraft in Salem, was a lineman with the Waukegan Bureau of Power and Light; his mother, Esther Marie (nà ©e Moberg) Bradbury, emigrated as a child from Sweden. When he was three years old, his mother took him to his first film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), and he was frightened and entranced by Lon Chaney in this film and, later, in The Phantom of the Opera (1925). As a child, Bradbury passed through a series of enthusiasms, from monsters to circuses to dinosaurs and eventually to the planet Mars. His development through childhood was aided by an older brother and by an aunt, Neva Bradbury, a costume designer, who introduced him to the theater and to the stories of Edgar Allan Poe. In 1932, Bradburys family moved to Arizona, where they had previously spent some time in the mid-1920s, largely because of his fathers need to find work. In 1934 the family left behind both Arizona and Waukegan, settling in Los Angeles, which became Bradburys permanent home. He attended Los Angeles High School and joined the Science Fiction Society (he had earlier begun reading Hugo Gernsbacks Amazing Stories, which, he said, made him fall in love with the future). After graduation, Bradbury worked for several months in a theater group sponsored by the actor Laraine Day, and for several years he was a newsboy in downtown Los Angeles. He took these jobs to support his writing, an avocation that he hoped would soon become a vocation. Bradburys poor eyesight prevented him from serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, which left him free to launch his writing career. During the early 1940s he began to publish his stories in such pulp magazines as Weird Tales and Amazing Stories, but by the late 1940s his work was appearing in such mass-market magazines as Colliers, The Saturday Evening Post, The New Yorker, Harpers Magazine, and Mademoiselle. Because these magazines paid well, he was able, on September 27, 1947, to marry Marguerite Susan McClure, a former English teacher at the University of California in Los Angeles. During the 1950s, Bradbury continued to write for the pulp and mass-market magazines, and he routinely collected his stories for publication in books. During the mid-1950s, he traveled to Ireland in connection with a screenplay of Moby Dick that he wrote with John Huston. Upon his return to the United States, Bradbury composed a large number of television scripts for such shows as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Suspense, and The Twilight Zone. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Bradburys stories and novels focused mostly on his Midwestern childhood-for example, Dandelion Wine and Something Wicked This Way Comes, the latter his favorite book. During the 1960s and 1970s, Bradburys output of fiction decreased, and his ideas found outlets in such forms as plays, poems, and essays. He also became involved in several projects, such as A Journey Through United States History, the exhibit that occupied the upper floor of the United States Pavilion for the New York Worlds Fair in the mid-1960 s. Because of this displays success, the Walt Disney organization hired him to help develop the themes for Spaceship Earth, an important part of Epcot Center at Disney World in Florida. Bradbury also helped design a twenty-first-century city near Tokyo. He continued to diversify his activities during the 1980s and 1990s by collaborative and consultative work, and he also found time to return to his first love, the short story, and to write four novels. He collaborated with Jimmy Webb by composing lyrics for a musical version of Dandelion Wine, which was not successful, though critics praised the Bradbury novel that provided the inspiration for this production. These excursions into other fields were part of his expressed plan to work in every writing medium, but his successes continued to be in the traditional forms of the novel and short story. He published two detective novels, Death Is a Lonely Business and A Graveyard for Lunatics, and a roman à   clef, Green Shadows, White Whale. He also wrote many short stories, some of them in his customary fields of science fiction, fantasy, and horror, but many dealing with extraordinary characters in ordinary life. Components of what might be called dream were available in Ray Bradburys works from the earliest starting point of his written work vacation. His own particular recognition of sci-fi from a dream in writing is that sci-fi could happen. This suggests, obviously, that dream couldnt occur. In any case, in this day and age, where change happens at such fast rate, no one would dare to state overbearingly that any thought is unequipped for that acknowledgment. In this manner, regardless of whether a work of writing is dream turns out to be progressively a matter of the writers aim or a matter quantifiable by target criteria. This is particularly valid for a writer, for example, Bradbury, who by his own affirmation composes both sci-fi and dream. Bradburys own image of imagination evidently came to birth in the realm of the fair. His creative energy was supported with festival symbolism, both through the lessons of his Aunt Neva and his own encounters. At whatever point a voyaging bazaar or festival came through Waukegan in the 1920s and mid-1930s, Bradbury and his more youthful sibling were constantly present pulled in until the last bit of cotton confection was sold. Young Bradbury was influenced profoundly by the scene managed such shows, and the festival got to be for him a kind of intuitive touchstone for an entire arrangement of states of mind and pictures which developed later in his works. Therefore, the tercentenary world can be considered as a clearinghouse for Bradburys creative energy. He places where he goes for his special signs when he is writing a story of disgust, fear-causing, feeling for former times, fantasy, or some mix of the three. It in his easy enough to point to carnival imagery in his horror tales of the 1940s. The opening lines of The Jar (1944), for example, take the reader immediately to a carnival sideshow. Many of his horror tales contain witches, skeletons, dwarfs, magicians, and carnival freaks. Even The Big Black and White Game (1945 ), his first straight tale, emits a breath of fantasy by the use of images throughout the story. In the 1940s Bradbury primed his fantasy sensibilities by creating a family of slightly offbeat witches who are latter-day remnants of what (they claim) was a long and noble line of highly effective magicians. Horror tales were not invited to enable his readers to elude, but rather to cause them to suffer so that they might be cleansed. However, the fantasy stories, on the other hand, sanction the readers spirits to expand rather than to contract, as is the effect in the horror tales. The basement of his effort seems to lie in the engendered mood, and, lost in this mood, the readers can elude to a Secondary World. This facility to engender a Secondary World of fantasy J. R. R. Tolkien calls sub creation and claims it is the most potent and most proximately pristine form of art. The first story of Bradburys in which the element of fantasy most out- weighed that of horror was Jack-in- the- Box (1947). Bradbury clearly demonstrates his ability to fantasize, or sub creates. The author is transporting his readers to a self-contained Secondary World, which he gives the inner consistency of reality, to quote Tolkien again. That is, the author makes his Secondary World, for the time being, the only world there is. Fantasies which would be of this type are works such as Tolkiens Lord of the Rings trilogy, James Stephens Crock of Gold, James Branch Cabells Jurgen, George Macdonalds Lilith and Phantasies, James Thurbers Thirteen Clocks, and of course, many fairy tales, medieval romances, and stories written for children. In this kind of fantasy, the author must convince his readers that what is happening is what is supposed to be happening, even if the laws which prevail are contrary to those which functions in the normal world. Bradbury has written and Tolkien calls them nearly pure fantasies. There are at least two with an Oriental mood and setting, both published in 1953, T he Golden Kite, the Silver Wind and The Flying Machine. Death and the Maiden (1960) are definitely another of these, and Perhaps We Are Going Away (1962) might also be called pure fantasy. Aside from these few, the remainder of Bradburys fantasy pieces can be assisted. Here the Primary World with all of its rules and laws is considered the norm, and the fantasy involves some kind of intrusion by creatures or ideas which ordinarily would be confined to a Secondary World. Most often there are no real intrusion and no green monsters pouring down from the sky but merely a temporary distortion of the physical principles governing our known world or a shift in perspective which allows the reader and/or the characters to view their world through something other than a plain grass. In a rather ingenious statement in 1968 during an interview with Mary Hall, quoted earlier, Bradbury described the nature of his fantasy writing. I wrote a love story recently, he said, with just a little twist on reality. Almost without fail Bradbury cannot resist the use of a little twist to keep his stories from being straightforward narrative accounts of events as they might appear to the average person. Examples of these milder fantasies would be Shoreline at Sunset (1959), Come into My Cellar (1960), Forever Voyage (1960), and A Miracle of Rare Device (1962). But sometimes the little twist becomes much stronger. A hole is torn in the fabric, and something unauthorized gains temporary entry to upset the normal order of things. A classic example would be Charles Williams The Place of the Lion. Bradburys best example and probably the finest work of fantasy he has yet done would be his novel Something Wicked This Way Comes, published in 1962. In this work, the invaders from the Sec ondary World are the autumn people, who function in darkness and are the what Evil is made. By this writing, Bradbury has left behind the summer of nostalgia and has entered the autumn of fantasy. The novel is a good example of the fusion of fantasy, horror, and nostalgia which he manages so well. Nostalgia seems to function best for him in summer, horror, and fantasy in the fall. His Aunt Neva instilled in him an awe of and fascination with autumn. The October Country is the title he chose for an anthology of his early horror tales, many of which are set in the fall, and The Autumn People is the title of another of his anthologies. Bradbury was born in summer, August 22, but close enough to fall so that its evidence could be subtly felt. He has said that, if he had his choice, he would have been born in October.6 The setting for Something Wicked This Way Comes is October, just before Halloween, in the same Green Town, Illinois, which was the background for Dandelion Wine. Two boys, Will Halloway and Jim Nightshade, and Wills father is the chief character. From the eyes of the boys, Bradbury allows his imagination to create a nightmare mood which he sustains throughout the book. Through Mr. Halloway, he expresses his own philosophy. Although the story takes place in the same town which is the setting for the nostalgic Dandelion Wine, and involves two adolescent boys, there the resemblance stops. The mood in the second book is distinctly autumn, even without the actual fact of its being October. There is a conflict here, a threat to be dealt with; for the autumn people who have come to Green Town threaten to engulf it with terror. Mr. Halloway describes them: For these beings, fall is the ever normal season, the only weather, there be no choice beyond. Where do they come from? The dust. Where d o they go? The grave. Does blood stir their veins? No: the night wind. What ticks in their head? The worm. What speaks from their mouth? The toad. What sees from their eye? The snake. What hears with their ear? The abyss between the stars. They sift the human storm for souls, eat the flesh of reason, fill tombs with sinners. They frenzy forth. In gusts, they beetle-scurry, creep, thread, filter, motion, make all moons sullen, and surely cloud all clear- run waters. The spider web hears them, trembles breaks. Such are the autumn people. Beware of them. The autumn people are represented here by a small traveling carnival which comes to town in the middle of Halloween night and sets up its dark tents outside the town. Cooger and Darks Carnival it is, and right away the boys recognize that it is more than it seems on the surface. The hall of mirrors lures people in and shows them reflections of a part of themselves that they once were and can no longer be, so they are plunged into achin g despair. The carousel behaves normally during the day, but at night it runs at supernormal speed, and whoever rides it adds years to his life within minutes or turns from a man into a squalling babe. The Dust Witch travels around in a balloon searching for Good people to destroy, for the aim of the autumn people is to slowly leach out the forces of Good from everyone in the town so that evil can claim its own. Only the two boys and a quiet, scholarly, middle-aged janitor stand in their way. The theme running through the book is that evil is a shadow: good is a reality. Evil cannot subsist except when people let theyre good become not an active form, not a pumping in their veins, but just a recollection, an intention. As Bradbury, has denoted in other stories and articles, he feels that the potential for evil subsists like cancer germs, dormant in all of us, and unless we keep our good in fit condition by actively utilizing it, it will lose its power over all, all person. It is a c onception, a way of doing, a kineticism toward light or dark, a cell between the will to put a cessation to and the will to but for. The more times such selection takes care of toward the Good, the more to do with the man we say that thing is becoming. We must look for ways to have knowledge of and support the Good in ourselves, the will toward the light. The conception of the rejuvenating powers of love is perhaps most resplendently expressed in the story A Medicine for Melancholy (1959). The story is virtually a parable. A puerile girl in eighteenth-century London is gradually evanescing from her concerned parents. No medic is able to diagnose her illness, and determinately in desperation, they take her, bed and all, and put her outside the front door so that the passersby can endeavor their hand at identifying what is erroneous with her. An adolescent Dustman looks into her ocular perceivers and kens what is erroneous she requires love. He suggests that she be left out all night beneath the moon, and during the night he visits her and effects a remedy. In the morning, the roses have returned to her cheeks and she and her family dance in celebration. The same situation occurred in Dandelion Vine when Doug virtually died of pyrexia and was remedied by two bottles of air left in the night by the local junkman. The conception, or moral, if that is a better word, expressed in these two stories seems to be at least implicit in the majority of Bradburys stories from the tardy 1950s until the present. He did not cease to be an edifier when he ceased composed science fiction, but he did place a moratorium upon the more evangelistic kind of moralizing which he was practicing in the tardy 1940s and early 1950s. Now, at last, his own sense of values seems to have become planarly at one with his art.

Constitutional Law and its Contemporary Challenges: Speech, Search and

Constitutional Law was created as the chosen way to preserve the United States of America Constitution, ratified by Congress in 1783, in respect to its meanings, use, and enforcement, for free government, and equal justice under the law for all Americans. However, as times and generations have passed, the U.S. Constitution remains the supreme law of the land. Among the most contemporary and controversial elements are the challenges of evolving interpretations of the freedom of speech, and search warrants, which have both had a major impact on society. In particular, we explore speech not protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution, as well as some circumstances when a search warrant is not required for a valid search. A conclusion is drawn and outlined based on research conducted to offer a concise in-depth observation of the above topics. FIRST AMENDMENT FREEDOMS The First (1st) Amendment of the United States (U.S.) Constitution, ratified December 15, 1791, â€Å"guarantees to all Americans regardless of age, ethnicity, disability, faith, or gender, the freedom of speech, freedom of press, the right to assemble, the right to peacefully assemble, and the right to petition Congress (Government) for a redress of grievances† (Kanovitz, 2010). However, as these types of speech are protected by the 1st Amendment, there are other kinds of speech that are not. The framers of the 1st Amendment intended for this amendment to be broad as to allow the amendment room to adapt to future changes in societal diversities as we live today (Kanovitz, 2010). In these protected rights are solid foundations that secures the opportunity to openly share ideas, thoughts, and various differences in points of view, encouraging interaction... ...merican soil, the question remains as to how much privacy Americans really possess. Yes, security in the person and home is still at the discretion of law enforcement, but how far will the government reach in what seems to be an elaborate effort to gain total control over what the Constitution defines as a free society? This, and many other questions remain unanswered today, but it must be remembered that this is a government of, for, and by the people, not a dictatorship that it has come to be in today’s world. â€Æ' Works Cited Gardner, Bryan A. (2009). In Black's Law Dictionary. St. Paul, Minnesota: West / Thomson Reuters. Kanovitz, J. R. (2010). Constitutional Law (12th ed.). (E. R. Ebben, Ed.) New Providence, NJ, U.S.A.: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., LexisNexis Gorup. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (Supreme Court June 10, 1968).

Microsoft shares the wealth :: essays research papers

Why MICROSOFT decided to pay dividends in 2003? 1.1 The company might see itself stepping in  ¡Ã‚ §Maturity Stage ¡Ã‚ ¨ -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harder to grow, revenue growth slide down Investors buy stock for one of two reasons; either it will grow in value or pay a dividend. If a company stops growing, stockholders will demand a dividend. If they don't get it, they will sell their stock. In the history, Microsoft enjoyed incredible growth, so dividend was unnecessary. Recent Microsoft dividends may tell us that the company has ended its growth phase and is now a 'mature' company. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More competitions from Open source like Linux and open office Windows and Office continue to supply most of Microsoft ¡Ã‚ ¦s profit. But that profit is being squeezed as more and more companies are using Linux servers and even Linux desktops. For example, China is developing its own OS (Operating System) and planning to use for the whole country (their intention is to keep Microsoft away from the country). The company has been forced to slash prices for some key customers to avoid large scale defections, which leads to difficulties to locate the right price because high price may reduce the market share, but low price to compete against open source may reduce its core revenue. 1.2 Expecting the stock price will increase after dividends paid - Investors can buy more shares Experts say most investors will also likely use the extra cash to buy more shares. And there ¡Ã‚ ¦s no guarantee the investors will spend money in the economy. Indeed, most investors will probably reinvest it or keep it in a cash account at their brokerage. - Stocks buyback policy from Microsoft itself Even if Microsoft use  ¡Ã‚ §Optimal Distribution Policy ¡Ã‚ ¨ in which there is a balance between cash dividends (around 32 billions USD) and stock repurchase (around 30 billions USD). This may affect the decrease in stock price a little while after the announcement of dividend payout, however investors still hope for the rising price in the future. 1.3 The company reserves the great amount of cash liquidity As we can see from the article that Microsoft can pay around 32 billions USD for cash dividend, 30 billions USD for stocks repurchase and another 3 billions USD, for the goodness, to Bill & Melinda Gates foundation. Agree / Disagree with the decision, explain why? AGREE because: „I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the company is reaching the maturity stage, dividend payout is another option instead of company growth only „I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 billion USD buy back will contribute to keep the stock value up and make investors happy

Don DeLillo Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Don DeLillo Throughout the twentieth-century, humanity has had the privilege of reading the works of many fine authors. Authors such as Toni Morrison, James Joyce, and even Robert Pinsky all come to mind. But when one thinks of the most prolific writers in the twentieth century, Don DeLillo is certainly one of them. Born in New York City in a small Italian neighborhood in the Bronx, DeLillo was destined to be a writer. He attended Fordham University where, upon graduation, he worked for an advertising agency. Dissatisfied, he left the agency in 1964 to begin working as a freelance writer. As a freelance writer, sustaining a living on a mere two thousand dollars a year. DeLillo wrote on a vast amount of subjects including computers and furniture and began to work on his first novel, Americana. It was his first published novel that took him nearly four years to finish. Although DeLillo encountered many obstacles during work on Americana, he persevered overcoming "constant interruptions to make money" (Charters 428). It was during this time that DeLillo knew that he was a writer. Other novels were born after Americana. End Zone, which was written shortly thereafter, also achieved significant success. During the next twelve years, DeLillo wrote five more novels including the breakthrough White Noise that was published in 1985 and for which he won the coveted American Book Award. Other novels followed including Libra in 1988 and the 1991 debut of Mao II, a novel about terrorism and political violence which won DeLillo the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction. In addition to his novels, DeLillo also wrote plays, short stories and essays on various contemporary subjects. In 1997, however, DeLillo would prove to the writing world tha... ...and research what is going on in their domain. In addition, Underworld is a novel that encompasses loose-knit fabrications of the tensions, preoccupations, and manias of modern America. Whether they are about the Cold War or our love for the media and its flattening of character, we as a society rely on sources that are not relevant to our own thinking. This was DeLillo’s ultimate goal when he wrote Underworld. The ability to look at things and rely on one's own source of thinking to interpret what they mean is important to DeLillo. He encourages his readers to allocate their resources and find out the validity in their world and the problems that could come into it. Works Cited Charters, Ann, ed. The Story and Its Writer. Fifth Edition. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. DeLillo, Don. Underworld. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1997.

Health promotion Primary, secondary and tietary Essay

Heath promotion connotes the activity of empowering individuals to have influence over their well-being. As described in the journal Health promotion: Conceptual and ethical issues, the promotion entails enabling people to make decisions on their own in situations where their decisions could impact positively on their overall health. A similar description is used in the article, Improving Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in NP-Delivered Primary Care, however, the author places much emphasis on the need for consensus among professionals prior to entrusting individuals the right to influence a doctor’s decisions. To some extent, Dawson and Grill (2012) echoes similar sentiments, but the authors consider the term an oxymoron. The two also explores the controversies surrounding the definition of the term while focusing on the cultural implication of the implementation the holistic approach to treatments. Thomas, Hart, and Burman (2014, p. 222), strikes out because it explores the need for corporation among stakeholders in ensuring the attainments of the goal of providing the populace with quality care at a lower costs. Despite the differences, both the definitions explain health promotion similarly. The main purpose of health promotion is enhancing coordination in order to limit the possibilities of the use a wrong approach to treatment. The other intention is to use preventions as opposed to cure since the latter costs much. Apart from reducing costs, the techniques reduces the number of visits to medical facilities in situations where home-based care can be used in treatment of ailments. The concept is also improving quality by encouraging practitioners to evolve in health promotion by educating the patients on each level such as primary, secondary and tertiary. This implementation is also becoming popular with nursing because it advocates for the  customization of treatment to s uit the need of the sick. The idea is to incorporate more than one approach to treatment as highlighted by Ipsen, Ruggiero, Rigles, Campbell & Arnold (2014, p. 125). In the article, Evaluation of an online health promotion program for vocational rehabilitation consumers, the author elaborates the need for mutual coordination by citing examples of success following the adoption of the strategy in the dissemination of information to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The concept of health promotion is responsible for changes in the healthcare professions with the recent change being the case of nurses becoming more considerate in their actions due to the evolving natures of the practices. Nurses no longer base their decision on their judgment, but they consult with patients prior to making decisions as stipulated in the law. They are more of consultant than clinicians as illustrated by Thomas, Hart, and Burman (2014, p. 224). In addition to showing concern to the needs of the sick, nurses are taking nontraditional duties that entail empowering patients to use their knowledge in helping their counterparts who might be suffering from the same condition as theirs. Moreover, the demand for value based service is on the rise as a result of the adoption of the inclusive approach to treatment. Conducting initiatives and making follow ups on the progress of patients is a techniques which encompasses all the task of nursing that include preventing, consulting, and offering care. The technique of prioritizing needs based on patient’s demand is also an implementation method since it facilitates treatment of chronic ailments while at the same time encouraging follow-ups by nurses. Engaging in consolations with community members as health promotion strategy is also commendable because the method covers all the areas of the professions that includes assessing the situation, planning for the implementation of a solution and monitoring the effectiveness of the program. Adhering to health promotion guidelines also teaches one to become a responsible practitioner who has the capacity to detect anomaly in a situation at an earlier stage. The first level which is the primary levels applies to all situations particularly in cases involving the spread of contagious diseases. The level requires professionalism since the home based approach might fail due to lack of understanding by the people. As highlighted in a study of pediatricians in Ottawa, the attitude of the nurses played a  critical role in the healing of patients. Therefore, it can be said that the success of the primary levels is dependent on the implementation of health promotion strategies from a holistic perspective. The second level secondary is the intermediary level described in three articles as the correction stage can be useful in controlling the extent of the damage in situations where the ailments has been detected . On numerous occasions, the chances of failure in the elimination of an infection is possible at this stage. Dawson and Grill (2012, p. 102) describes it as the screening stage in which accuracy in detection of ailment is paramount in controlling further infections. The third level tertiary employs similar techniques like the first and the second, but with much caution to prevent the sick from dying. In particular, the focus is on the person who has already contracted an ailment. Sometimes the combination of more than one approach to preventing disease happens at this stage. In conclusion, despite the challenges of integrating various approaches of treatment, nurses continue to provide health promotion at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. This approach is commendable and has been proven to assist in patients over all well-being. References Dawson, A., & Grill, K. (2012). Health promotion: Conceptual and ethical issues. Public Health Ethics, 5(2), 101-103. Retrived from http://phe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/2/101.short Ipsen, C., Ruggiero, C., Rigles, B., Campbell, D., & Arnold, N. (2014). Evaluation of an online health promotion program for vocational rehabilitation consumers. Rehabilitation psychology, 59(2), 125. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rep/59/2/125/ Thomas, J. J., Hart, A. M., & Burman, M. E. (2014). Improving Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in NP-Delivered Primary Care. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 10(4), 221-228.

Against School Uniforms

All around the United States more and more schools and switching to the idea of school uniforms. Schools think that this uniform policy will help bring down crime rates, gangs, improve the schools over all academic achievement, and level out social discriminations among students. Although this theory may become true to someone who wants it to be true, other skeptics looking into this are finding that these positive influences from uniforms are merely misconceptions. Schools’ academic achievements are not influenced by the clothes that students have on their backs. Neither is the crime rate in that school. There were theories that gang members could sneak into schools by wearing that schools uniform and blending in with everyone. Some students are even saying that uniforms will not stop them from discriminating other kids since they still know who is rich and who is poor. Although our society thinks that forcing students to wear uniforms to school will cure all problems, they better think twice. School uniforms should not be allowed in public schools because they are not cost effective, they deprive students’ rights to express themselves, and lastly, they do not increase the status of the school who adopted the uniform policy. One of the reasons that school uniforms should not be allowed in schools because they are not cost effective. One reason why they are not cost effective is because some families cannot afford multiple uniforms, plus the clothes that students wear outside of school (Pakhare 1). Unlike the students who can afford three, four, or five uniforms, the poorer students’ one uniform will look worn out and used by mid-semester compared to everyone else (Stainburn 1). It will be easier to pick out the kids who cannot afford much. The social boundaries that uniforms were trying to get rid of will still occur with or without them (Cruz 47). The second reason behind why school uniforms are not cost effective is because schools think that having uniforms will cover up the fact that all students have a different amount of wealth, yet students still know who is rich and who is poor. Uniform pieces differ from one another. There are expensive pieces, and there are basic pieces (Chaika 1). The uniforms that students buy can set them apart on the social ladder at school; just as well as normal clothing can (1). Schools do not want kids â€Å"killing each other over designer jackets,† which is why they take in the uniform policy in the first place (1). Students who switch to different schools with uniforms frequently can be majorly impacted financially (1). Constantly buying new uniforms for those different schools can definitely drain that person’s money, thus not making school uniforms cost effective. In addition to school uniforms not being cost effective, they also deprive students of their right to freedom of expression. The first reason is that it violates the First Amendment. The First Amendment gives all citizens the right to freedom of expression and when schools make students all dress a certain way, then that takes away their right. It is unlawful to take away individuals’ freedoms since they have a right to those freedoms (â€Å"Current Events† 3). Any student who gets expelled or suspended for violating the dress code, say that it is blockading their right of free public education (Cook 1). The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) said, â€Å"We think ordering school uniforms violates the First Amendment because it impacts on the freedom of expression† (3). Teachers also can be affected by this issue. They are the ones who have to put up with penalizing the students who break the dress code. A student in San Diego complained that â€Å"Teachers say they want us to be different, and then we all have to dress the same way† (3). Parents think that this policy is not a good idea, either. A parent in San Diego stated, â€Å"They have no right to make it mandatory. It’s against the rights of students and kids† (3). The second reason that school uniforms deprive students of their freedom of expression is that they make it harder for kids to find their identity in our modern society when they look exactly like everyone else (Cruz 46). As children grow up, they are supposed to make their own decisions while they learn from the mistakes they make, but the uniforms that the schools slap on kids is not a choice that they can decide on their own (47). The ACLU once stated, â€Å"Ban every individual expression and what you have left are not students, but soldiers† (47-48). This proves that each and every student’s right to freedom of expression is snatched away from them. The third and final reason why school uniforms should not be allowed in schools is that they do not improve the standards of a school. Some call it the ‘band-aid’ approach because instead of actually trying to solve the deeper issues in the school, they just mask all the problems by forcing students to wear uniforms (Cruz 43). One reason is that schools think that they will decrease the violence. They are mistaken because fights and other acts of misconduct will always happen in schools no matter what kind of clothes they wear (45). Students will always have grudges against other students and that will never change depending on the type of clothing they choose to wear. Uniforms cannot transform a bad student into a good one, they just dress them up to look like a good one (44). A student that created a problem before, will continue to create problems regardless of what they are wearing (Pakhare 1). Schools have socioeconomic groups that they want to break up in order to level out the social standards. One of those groups is gangs (2). Gangs are a growing problem in schools these days, but the clothes they wear in schools without uniform policies, can help others distinguish them from other students. If a school with gangs starts up the school uniform policy, it would be easier for gang members that are outside of the school, to sneak into that school to create some violence and mischief. Since everyone matches, you would not be able to distinguish a gang member from and actual student (Cruz 44). Another reason that school uniforms do not improve the standards of schools is that they do not improve school’s academic achievements. Studies have shown that uniforms had absolutely no correlation to test scores (Stainburn 1). Schools think that the sameness of everybody, because of the uniforms, will help students focus more on their studies, rather then what they look like. Although kids still find ways to discriminate one another, with or without uniforms, it still makes focusing on studies one hundred percent of the time difficult (1). Even in uniforms were in order, students will still stay distracted and will have to deal with daily discriminations (2). Schools have still found ways to improve academic achievements, which will incidentally improve their status, without the aid of uniforms (2). Because of the fact that school uniforms cost too much money, take away students’ rights, and do not increase a school’s reputation, they should not be required in schools. They do not have a useful purpose and there is no point of forcing students to wear them when they do not want to in the first place. It is only a matter of time before school districts realize how useless uniforms have become. Children that are forced to wear these uniforms do not like them, and neither to the parents that have to buy extra clothes that their kids only wear to school (Pakhare 1). It has been proven that there is little evidence to suggest a cause and effect relationship between the violence in school and the clothes that students wear (Cruz 45). Also, each and every student who is forced to wear a school uniform gets their right of freedom of expression taken away, which is consequently unconstitutional (â€Å"Current Events† 3). In conclusion to being against school uniforms being mandatory, they should be outlawed to all public schools since it has been proven that they are a tremendously horrible idea.

Doppler Effect

Doppler effect The Doppler effect, named after Christian Doppler, is the change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. For waves that propagate in a wave medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total Doppler effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, or motion of the medium. Each of these effects is analysed separately. For waves which do not require a medium, such as light or gravity in special relativity, only the relative difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered. [pic] [pic] A source of waves moving to the left. The frequency is higher on the left, and lower on the right. | | Doppler first proposed the effect in 1842 in the monograph Uber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einige andere Gestirne des Himmels – Versuch einer das Bradleysche Theorem als integrierenden Teil in sich schliessender allgemeiner Theorie (On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part). [1] The hypothesis was tested for sound waves by the Dutch scientist Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot in 1845. He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher as the sound source approached him, and lower as the sound source receded from him. Hippolyte Fizeau discovered independently the same phenomenon on electromagnetic waves in 1848 (in France, the effect is sometimes called â€Å"effet Doppler-Fizeau†). It is often overlooked that in Doppler's publications (and also Einstein's in his discussion of the Doppler effect) he explicitly acknowledges that his formulae are only approximate since he made several mathematical approximations in his derivation. Doppler's derivation is repeated more or less verbatim in most modern textbooks but often without the warning that the formulas are only valid in some (experimentally often seen) limits. In Britain, John Scott Russell made an experimental study of the Doppler effect. In 1848, Russell reported his study of the Doppler effect. (J. S. Russell, â€Å"On certain effects produced on sound by the rapid motion of the observer†, Brit. Assn. Rep. , vol. 18, p. 37 (1848). An English translation of Doppler's 1842 monograph can be found in the book by Alec Eden, â€Å"The search for Christian Doppler†, Springer-Verlag 1992. In this book, Eden felt doubtful regarding Doppler's conclusions on the colour of double stars, but he was convinced regarding Doppler's conclusions on sound. [pic] [pic] An illustration of the Doppler effect[2]. The relationship between observed frequency f' and emitted frequency f is given by: [pic] where pic]is the velocity of waves in the medium (in air at T degrees Celsius, this is 332(1 + T/273)1/2 m/s) [pic]is the velocity of the source (the object emitting the sound) Because we are using an inertial reference system, the velocity of an object moving towards the observer is considered as negative, so the detected frequency increases (This is because the source's velocity is in the denominator. ) Conversely, detected frequency decreases when the source moves away, and so the source's velocity is added when the motion is away. In the limit where the speed of the wave is much greater than the relative speed of the source and observer (this is often the case with electromagnetic waves, e. g. light), the relationship between observed frequency f? and emitted frequency f is given by: |Change in frequency |Observed frequency | |[pic] |[pic] | where [pic]is the transmitted frequency [pic]is the velocity of the transmitter relative to the receiver in meters per second: positive when moving towards one another, negative when moving away [pic]is the speed of wave (3? 08  m/s for electromagnetic waves travelling in air or a vacuum) [pic]is the wavelength of the transmitted wave subject to change. As mentioned previously, these two equations are only accurate to a first order approximation. However, they work reasonably well in the case considered by Doppler, i. e. when the speed between the source and receiver is slow relative to the speed of the waves involved and the distance between the source and receiver is l arge relative to the wavelength of the waves. If either of these two approximations are violated, the formulae are no longer accurate. Analysis It is important to realize that the frequency of the sounds that the source emits does not actually change. To understand what happens, consider the following analogy. Someone throws one ball every second in a man's direction. Assume that balls travel with constant velocity. If the thrower is stationary, the man will receive one ball every second. However, if the thrower is moving towards the man, he will receive balls more frequently because the balls will be less spaced out. The converse is true if the thrower is moving away from the man. So it is actually the wavelength which is affected; as a consequence, the perceived frequency is also affected. It may also be said that the velocity of the wave remains constant whereas wavelength changes; hence frequency also changes. If the moving source is emitting waves through a medium with an actual frequency f0, then an observer stationary relative to the medium detects waves with a frequency f given by [pic]which can be written as: [pic], here v is the speed of the waves in the medium and vs, r is the speed of the source with respect to the medium (positive if moving away from the observer, negative if moving towards the observer), radial to the observer. With a relatively slow moving source, vs, r is small in comparison to v and the equation approximates to [pic]. A similar analysis for a moving observer and a stationary source yields the observed frequency (the observer's velocity being represented as vo): [p ic], where the same convention applies  : vo is positive if the observer is moving way from the source, and negative if the observer is moving towards the source. These can be generalized into a single equation with both the source and receiver moving. However the limitations mentioned above still apply. When the more complicated exact equation is derived without using any approximations (just assuming that everything: source, receiver, and wave or signal are moving linearly) several interesting and perhaps surprising results are found. For example, as Lord Rayleigh noted in his classic book on sound, by properly moving it is possible to hear a symphony being played backwards. This is the so-called â€Å"time reversal effect† of the Doppler effect. Other interesting cases are that the Doppler effect is time dependent in general (thus we need to know not only the source and receivers' velocities, but also their positions at a given time) and also in some circumstances it is possible to receive two signals or waves from a source (or no signal at all). In addition there are more possibilities than just the receiver approaching the signal and the receiver receding from the signal. All these additional complications are for the classical—i. . , nonrelativistic Doppler effect. However, all these results also hold for the relativistic Doppler effect as well. The first attempt to extend Doppler's analysis to light waves was soon made by Fizeau. In fact, light waves do not require a medium to propagate and the correct understanding of the Doppler effect for light requires the use of the Special Theory of Relativity. See relativistic Doppler effect. Ap plications [pic] [pic] A stationary microphone records moving police sirens at different pitches depending on their relative direction. Everyday The siren on a passing emergency vehicle will start out higher than its stationary pitch, slide down as it passes, and continue lower than its stationary pitch as it recedes from the observer. Astronomer John Dobson explained the effect thus: â€Å"The reason the siren slides is because it doesn't hit you. † In other words, if the siren approached the observer directly, the pitch would remain constant (as vs, r is only the radial component) until the vehicle hit him, and then immediately jump to a new lower pitch. Because the vehicle passes by the observer, the radial velocity does not remain constant, but instead varies as a function of the angle between his line of sight and the siren's velocity: [pic] where vs is the velocity of the object (source of waves) with respect to the medium, and ? is the angle between the object's forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer. Astronomy [pic] [pic] Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). The Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves such as light is of great use in astronomy and results in either a so-called redshift or blueshift. It has been used to measure the speed at which stars and galaxies are approaching or receding from us, that is, the radial velocity. This is used to detect if an apparently single star is, in reality, a close binary and even to measure the rotational speed of stars and galaxies. The use of the Doppler effect for light in astronomy depends on our knowledge that the spectra of stars are not continuous. They exhibit absorption lines at well defined frequencies that are correlated with the energies required to excite electrons in various elements from one level to another. The Doppler effect is recognizable in the fact that the absorption lines are not always at the frequencies that are obtained from the spectrum of a stationary light source. Since blue light has a higher frequency than red light, the spectral lines of an approaching astronomical light source exhibit a blueshift and those of a receding astronomical light source exhibit a redshift. Among the nearby stars, the largest radial velocities with respect to the Sun are +308 km/s (BD-15 °4041, also known as LHS 52, 81. 7 light-years away) and -260 km/s (Woolley 9722, also known as Wolf 1106 and LHS 64, 78. 2 light-years away). Positive radial velocity means the star is receding from the Sun, negative that it is approaching. Temperature measurement Another use of the Doppler effect, which is found mostly in astronomy, is the estimation of the temperature of a gas which is emitting a spectral line. Due to the thermal motion of the gas, each emitter can be slightly red or blue shifted, and the net effect is a broadening of the line. This line shape is called a Doppler profile and the width of the line is proportional to the square root of the temperature of the gas, allowing the Doppler-broadened line to be used to measure the temperature of the emitting gas. Radar Main article: Doppler radar The Doppler effect is also used in some forms of radar to measure the velocity of detected objects. A radar beam is fired at a moving target—a car, for example, as radar is often used by police to detect speeding motorists—as it approaches or recedes from the radar source. Each successive wave has to travel further to reach the car, before being reflected and re-detected near the source. As each wave has to move further, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength. In some situations, the radar beam is fired at the moving car as it approaches, in which case each successive wave travels a lesser distance, decreasing the wavelength. In either situation, calculations from the Doppler effect accurately determine the car's velocity. The proximity fuze which was developed during World War II also relies on Doppler radar. Medical imaging and blood flow measurement An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and calculation of the cardiac output. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements. Although â€Å"Doppler† has become synonymous with â€Å"velocity measurement† in medical imaging, in many cases it is not the frequency shift (Doppler shift) of the received signal that is measured, but the phase shift (when the received signal arrives). Velocity measurements of blood flow are also used in other fields of medical ultrasonography, such as obstetric ultrasonography and neurology. Velocity measurement of blood flow in arteries and veins based on Doppler effect is an effective tool for diagnosis of vascular problems like stenosis. [3] Flow measurement Instruments such as the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), and Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) have been developed to measure velocities in a fluid flow. The LDV and ADV emit a light or acoustic beam, and measure the Doppler shift in wavelengths of reflections from particles moving with the flow. The actual flow is computed as a function of the water velocity and face. This technique allows non-intrusive flow measurements, at high precision and high frequency. Underwater acoustics In military applications the Doppler shift of a target is used to ascertain the speed of a submarine using both passive and active sonar systems. As a submarine passes by a passive sonobuoy, the stable frequencies undergo a Doppler shift, and the speed and range from the sonobuoy can be calculated. If the sonar system is mounted on a moving ship or an another submarine, then the relative velocity can be calculated.

Avoid Being Late

Avoid Being Late Lasonya Dawson Grand Canyon University PSY-102 October 24, 2010 Avoid Being Late The act of being late can be avoided by taking certain measures. The first thing you have to be able to do is admit that you had a problem with being on time. The next thing you have to do is be able to identify what causes you to be late. The next thing that you have to be is willing to do is make the necessary changes to correct the issues. The issue can be corrected with acknowledging all of the above and realize that this can be a very career threatening thing.The admittance that you have issue with being on time is the very first step in starting the process is resolving the issue. When you are late the problem starts in the preparation of the day before or the day of. One has to be able to picture in their mind what needs to be the day before and have a backup plan if needed. If one is in denial that they have a problem being on time, then there is little that can be done to correc t the issue. Once you have acknowledged the issue then you can find a solution or set up some type of system to resolve it. One has to be able to identify what triggers or causes them to be late.When you realize the point when time starts to get in a bit of a crunch could be sign of you being late. You have to be able to figure out is it the day before preparation or is it that you may have to try to multitask. Multitasking is the act of doing several things at the same time to get all completed in a timely manner. One should be able to see the pattern and the signs that occur when they are about to be late. When you are able to make the necessary changes to eliminate being late then you will be able to see what a positive effect it has on all things in your life.Once the changes are made to correct the issue you should become a more productive person. The key to being on time is time management. If you are able to manage your time well usually you are always on time. I pride myself on being on time. I start the day before if I know I have to be somewhere at a certain time the next day. I start by doing everything that I can possibly do the day before so that it will not slow me down the next day. I start with the kids. I ironing their clothes, getting their snacks together, and making sure I know how much time I am going to need to get them ready.I can say that I am rarely late to anything that I am expected to be on time to. I accredit it to the fact I feel like I am going to miss something if I am late and I hate to be in a hurry or having to do things at the last minute. The issue will not just be resolved in just one attempt. You have to be willing to try different things over a period of time. You have to be able to set a realistic time frame that you will be able to say that you have the issue under control. One has to set short term goals and follow through with them. You can start as simple as doing some things the day before that you would normally d o the day of to save time.One may follow up next with trying to multitask and take care of several things at once but, do not overwhelm yourself. Finally you can use what you have been training yourself to do on a family outing and set a time that you expect yourself to be there. You can even go so far as to grade yourself. There should also be some consequences for you being late. You can make an agreement with yourself to take away things that you like to do. You should also reward yourself for being on time until you have gotten the issue under control. I could start by taking away television time from you or even internet time from yourself.You can reward yourself by buying something that you like. There should always be penalties for allowing you to be late as well as rewards for being on time. The main thing that one has to realize is the negative effect that being late has on your career. Being late shows signs that you are not dependable. You should think it as if you are go ing to an interview and that if you are late then you are not going to get the job that you so desperately need. If one can place that kind of pressure on themselves then you should be able to always

Nationality Immigration and Asylum Law Case Study

Nationality Immigration and Asylum Law - Case Study Example There are two possible avenues that Joshua can take, which is to apply for a straightforward work visa or apply through the Highly Skilled Immigrant Programme. The advantages and disadvantages of both programmes will be explored; as well as the eligibility of Joshua. 1) The position that is sought must be at an NVQ level or higher, i.e. a skilled work position. Also if the person is applying for a professional position the individual must be registered with the applicable governing body of that profession. 2) The educational level that the individual holds must meet the required skills of the job at a NVQ level 3 or higher OR the individual must hold the relevant experience that the UK educational bodies would apply to the individual's work experience. The work permit approvable educational experience are as follows: 3) In addition to the work permit if Joshua wants to remain more than six months he must apply for UK Entry Clearance, as he is looking for a possible change and move towards the UK this may be a requirement. If Joshua wants to make an informed decision in whether he wants to remain to work in the UK he probably will want to apply for UK Entry Clearance, especially when most work visas are between 1 and 5 years. UK Entry Clearance is just indication on the individual's passport the reason for staying in the UK 4) The position that is being applied for has to be advertised, unless it is a designated shortage occupation by the UK government and a work visa is easily approved as long as all other criteria are complied with. On the other hand, if it is a non-shortage area then the employer prior to hiring Joshua has to illustrate an attempt to employ from within the EEA workforce. This means it is a lot easier for Joshua to apply for a work visa within the UK after being accepted by a company here that has complied with the Immigration Directorate's guidelines if it is in an area where there are no shortages in the UK. 5) Finally, Joshua will be able to have his wife and child enter the UK with him as long as he can prove that they are still co-habiting together. The main problem with taking this approach is that Joshua will have to extend his visa every time that it expires and will the have to take the avenue of further leave to remain; however as EU law states this applicable continuously after a one year's continuous employment has occurred1. Therefore these provisions will have to be explored if Joshua and his family decide to reside in the UK. This means that Joshua will have to apply for indefinite leave to remain after 5 continuous years of work permits, after this time he can apply for indefinite leave. In this time Joshua has to ensure that he stays in good standing with the British Government and does not commit an imprisonable offence otherwise he can be deported effective immediately2. The second avenue that Joshua can take is as a highly skilled migrant, which means this sets him for living in the UK indefinitely. This will make the transition if he

Characteristics of Democracies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Characteristics of Democracies - Essay Example Racism is still prevalent in America, minority rights should be worked upon by the government and people who are in minorities should be given respect and treated equally. Medicaid policies are really important, theses are as important as the minority rights. The American government is spending excessively on the Medicaid policies. The Illegal immigrants also get the benefits of these Medicaid policies, the American government must ensure that no illegal immigration takes place. People from Mexico sneak in through the border and these illegal immigrants cause a lot of problems for the American government, they gets jobs whereas the Americans remain jobless and the unemployment rate goes further up. â€Å"Illegal Immigration must be stopped and reversed† (Illegal Immigration) To conclude it is very fair to say that these two important policies must be worked upon by the American

Human Factors in Aviation Safety Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Factors in Aviation Safety - Article Example This is illustrated using organization conditions such as effective communication, supervision and omissions that were attributed to the changes in the company. Having gone through this report, I would like to express my satisfaction with it. The examples given here are typical of how influential human factors are in aviation industry. It is true that the performance of employees in aviation sector heavily relies on the supervision levels given to them, their qualifications and professionalism. This is what can be attributed to the causes of MRMs as recorded in the report (Shappell, 1997). The errors made here clearly shows that human factors are so influential because they play very important roles in determining the out put and productivity of the aviation staff. Therefore, factors like employee motivation, training, safety and health should be taken seriously at all times. They can determine the successes of an organization. So, management should not be relaxed because it can result into errors and mistakes that can negatively impact on the overall performance and success of the

Is There a Responsibility to Protect in International Law Essay

Is There a Responsibility to Protect in International Law - Essay Example The paper "Is There a Responsibility to Protect in International Law?" evaluates the responsibility to protect and how it reflects the collective interests of the international community thereby emerging as a principle of international law since it is argued that the responsibility to protect is defined by and limited by customary international law. Underlying these two principles is the UN’s founding premise to foster an international community where all states are equal and act for the collective goal of peace within the UN Charter. Efforts on the part of the UN to promote peace will always be tempered by the need to respect the territorial sovereignty and the doctrine of non-intervention. This is so even in instances where the UN seeks to promote the protection of the environment and development. There is a responsibility to protect in international law particularly since the latter is a reflection of the collective â€Å"interests of the international community.† Th e International law follows from the needs of the international community.Historically, the UN has been predisposed to narrow state resort to unilateral action and for states to settle the dispute by virtue of peaceful means. There has long been a disposition toward tolerance of state intervention for democratic change. Clausewitz’s theory on the need for revolutionary change in Europe back in the early 1800s reflects this. In recent years the international customary law has developed a concept of state responsibility.

Youth on the Move. An Entrance Review Program Essay

Youth on the Move. An Entrance Review Program - Essay Example They tend to think of their families, of their jobs (for those who are working on a part time basis) and other financial matters. With this reason, a number of non-government organizations have been trying to look for possible solutions on how to assist these aspiring high school or college students. "Youth Sessions: An Entrance Review Program" can play a very important role in the achievement of these goal. This specific program deals more on the incoming high school and college students. This specific program aims to offer series of review sessions with the incoming high school and college students. More specifically, this program is aimed at: These students are those who, because of financial difficulties, were forced to stop from schooling. Now that they are about to continue their education, they really need this review session so that they may be updated with various school lessons. This program will also serve as a review for the lessons that they might have forgotten.. 2. Assisting the students who have just graduated from primary school or from high school. These students are those who have just graduated from primary and/or secondary school and are aspiring to go to a reputable university but will need to pass the entrance exam first. Methods and Strategies The role of this program is to provide a series of review sessions that will tackle the four major subjects in school - Mathematics, Science, English or Language and General Knowledge. A total of eight (16) teachers who can work on a part time basis will be the most important tool in this program. Two teachers will be teaching one subject matter everyday (one every half of the day). So, eight teachers will be teaching in the mornings and eight teachers in the afternoon. Each subject's session will last for one hour a day and will be done every Saturdays and Sundays and will run for two months. The days are chosen purposely so as not to affect the regular teaching schedules of the teachers. This also to accommodate the aspiring student-participants who are working on weekdays. So in a year's time, there will be 6 entrance review sessions. The teachers (because this is an NGO project) will be informed before hand that they will be doing this, not because of the salary, but because they are willing to help the youths. Nevertheless, these teachers will still be given transportation, food and other utility allowance. Meanwhile, the teaching materials - markers, white boards, pens etc. - will also be provided. These are the most basic teaching materials that will be shouldered by the program. Since the agency has already a room and LCD projectors that can accommodate a good number of students, the venue and the screens will not be a problem anymore. This program will also be providing lecture kit/manuals for each of the students which has a target number of 20 students per teacher per session. So, there will be 80 students for every 2-months review session. And a total number of 360 students will be reviewed in a year. The qualified students who can avail of this program will be base upon the economic status of the family. The facilitators will be verifying (from the records that the students will be presenting) if their family is really below the