Stepfamilies with Adolescents - Counseling Interventions Pertaining to Case Study

Stepfamilies with Adolescents - Counseling Interventions Pertaining to Communication and Discipline - Case Study Example Parenting is the most difficult aspects of a stepfamily. It is more difficult to form a stepfamily with adolescent children compared to forming a family with younger children. The main cause could be because of developmental stages. Research indicates that children who are between the ages of 10 and 14 may have a hard time in adjusting into a stepfamily. However, both children above the age of 15 and under the age of 10 may need to have a stepparent. The older or the children who are over 15 may need little or less parenting and will be less involved in the family. Finally, the children who are under 10 may be willing to have another adult in the family. Family structure has recently transformed due to both demographic and social changes. According to the Office of National Statistic, marriage rates have drastically while the number of divorce cases has remained constant. In recent years, people become parents and have their first child easily in a cohabiting union rather than within a marriage. Moreover, between 1975 and 2004, non-marital childbirth has drastically increased, from 9% to 43%, in which two-thirds is of unmarried parents. Several factors may affect how a child adjusts to a stepfamily this include, gender of the child. Girls attend to be more difficult than boys are and they may take time in adjusting in a stepfamily. For instance, stepfamilies that include the natural mother and a stepfather, the girls are more likely than boys to oppose the new male figure. In divorced families, where there is only a single parent that is involved, mother-daughter relationships tend to be extremely close. Consequently, girls may see the stepfather as a threat to the relationship with her mother when the mother decides to remarry. Alternatively, boys would quickly adjust since they yearn for a masculine figure.  

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the Essay

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the printed book change during the first hundred years of its existence in Europe - Essay Example There are different purposes for printing: to inform, educate, sell, and entertain or to impress. The function aspect of printing includes the audience, copywriting the message and cost of printing (Grendler 1993, p43). Form and function have to work together in order to accomplish a printing goal. Print has a rich and long history, dating back to 500-800 AD, when Chinese used woodblock kind of printing. This printing was called the woodblock method (Eisenstein 2005, p52). It involved engraving the background on wood. This was used for both illustrations and text. Page normally consisted of multiple wood blocks joined together. When the page was complete, it would then be inked and a printing surface such as a sheet of paper placed over it. This kind of printing usually consumed a lot of time and effort and it was also not durable (Moran 1973, p45). Printing as we know it could not have been possible without the important invention of Johann Gutenberg. This German inventor came up with a printing press that completely changed the world of printing (Childress 2008, p37). The printing press is a machine that integrates several technologies such as ink and paper and movable type printing. The printing press also changed the function and form of the printed book during the first h undred years of its existence in renaissance Europe (Grendler 1993, p45). This paper aims at exploring the ways in which the printed book’s form and function changed during this time. It also analyses the reasons that led to this change. In order to print one has to have type. The types used in printed books were somewhat different from those used in Manuscripts. Type fonts were created depending on the local scripts that were in use (Grendler 1993, p61). Much of the type used in the early years of printing was usually calligraphic, meaning that it imitated handwriting. In 1476, the Englishman William Caxton

Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing Essay Example for Free

Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing Essay Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing are fishing methods used by hobbyist to catch fish. Both types are considered as Angling. Angling is a type of fishing that uses angles or a hook. Anglers are considered as fishers who have intent on releasing their catch in the water. According to Central Fisheries Board of Ireland (2007), the waters were anglers fish have the rule where catch and release rule are enforced. II. Difference of Fly Fishing and Spin Fishing There are several differences that can be seen between both methods. Fly fishing is a method where artificial flies are used and attached to the hook to imitate naturally occurring food. These artificial flies are tied out of materials such as fur and feather. Spin Fishing is a method where a spin fishing tackle is used to catch fish. a. Rods and Fishing Lines Used According to Flyfishingbasics. com (2007), rods that are used for fly-fishing is generally light and the lines are heavy. The lines are heavy because these provide the weight and momentum for casting. On the other hand, Fishsa.com (2007) explains that the rod for spin-fishing is used as a lever to fling the weight of the lure. Comparing both methods, the fly fishing method uses the weight of the line to carry the fly to the fish while the spin fishing uses the weight of the lure to pull the line out of the reel. Casting method for flyfishing is harder as compared to spinfishing according to flysa. com (2007). b. Fishing Equipment Fly Fishing uses a fly rod, a reel and a line. The baits that the fly fishing angler uses are artificial flies. These flies depends on the user of the rod. There are different types of flies. These are streamers, dry flies, wet flies and poppers. Streamers are long and skinny and these flies sink and looks like a baitfish. Dry Flies are flies that float. Wet Flies are flies that sink and lastly, poppers are floating flies that are made out of cork. These flies can be bought from the fishing stores or they can be made using fly tying techniques. Fly Tying is considered as another different type of hobby that is used to make artificial flies. Differentiating spin fishing, this method also has a rod and a reel, however, this method uses live lures. The lures that an angler uses depends on the type of fish that the angler wants to catch. Worms and Insect Larva is used to catch bluegill or sunfish. Worms, nightcrawlers, and stinkbaits are used for Catfish. Minnows and worms are for Crappie. Minnows and nightcrawlers are for Bass. Worms, corn and doughballs are for carp and lastly the trouts are catched using worms and minnows. c. Economic Value Evaluating both methods, Fly fishing is a more expensive method than Spin Fishing. According to Flyfishingbasics. com (2007), a fly rod, reel and line combo costs at around $60 to $120 and flies costs at around $1 to $5 per piece. Spin fishing rod and Reel costs at around $10 to $20 and baits costs at around $1 to $3 per dozen and the prepared baits are from $1. 50 to $4. 50 per dozen. As a conclusion, it seems that spin fishing is more practical as compared to the fly-fishing. Since casting is easier to learn for spin fishing and the baits used for spin fishing is much cheaper than the fly-fishing. It is therefore easier to recommend spin fishing for beginners because it is easier to learn. REFERENCES Central Fisheries Board, 2000. Catch and Release for Atlantic Salmon. Retrieved last October 31, 2007 from Central Fisheries Board of Ireland. Website: http://www. cfb. ie/fishing_in_ireland/CatchandRelease. htm Fly Fishing Basics. 2003. Fly Fishing. Retrieved last October 31, 2007. From Fly Fishing Basics. com. Website: http://www. flyfishingbasics. com/casting. html# Fish South Australia. 1996. Spin Fishing. Retrieved last October 31, 2007 From FishSA. com. Website: http://www. fishsa. com/spinfsng. php

Porters 5 Force for Hotel Essay Example for Free

Porters 5 Force for Hotel Essay The combined forces of an economic recession and H1N1 epidemic are causing the hotel industry to suffer in a time of great challenge. Business travel is down because of the recession and the pandemic has significantly reduced tourism. This paper considers three types of hoteliers in current market conditions in light of Porter’s theories. Now, more than ever, Porter’s well regarded thoughts on business strategy and the Internet, first published in 2001, are crucial to consider and they contribute to an analysis and critique of the hotel industry’s internet strategy. In his Harvard Business Review article of 2001 Porter said â€Å"To find the answer we need to look beyond the immediate market signals to the two fundamental factors that determine profitability: Industry structure, which determines the profitability of the average competitor and sustainable competitive advantage which allows a company to outperform the average competitor† (Porter, 2001). This paper examines the five forces which impact competitiveness within and thus the profitability of a competitor in the hotel industry. From the guidance provided in the Five Factor Model recommendations are made to enhance and refine internet strategy for the considered hotel chains. Hotels The hotels chosen for this paper are: Vintage Inns primarily located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, Sheraton Hotel chain and Best Western Hotel Chain. â€Å"Every business must design a strategy for achieving its goals, consisting of marketing strategy and compatible technological strategy and sourcing strategy†. (Kotler Keller,2006) â€Å"To identify rivals in the international hotel industry, current practice is to use price, segment and proximity† (Matthew, 2000). In previous work, Michael Porter outlined three additional generic strategies that could be used. These are: overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. â€Å"The point to be understood here is that any company can have a core competence, but it is competitive competence which gives them a chance to win. For example, Ritz-Carlton, Fairmont, Loews, Four Seasons, Intern-Continental, W Hotel, Hotel Sofitel, Le Meridien are ruling the hospitality industry. This is because of there ability to set up state of the art hotels and their ability to provide exceptional customer service with focus on customer relationship management. The customer relationship is a unique selling point (USP). The â€Å"Service† is both their core competitiveness and also their competitive competence† (Trehan, 2005) Porter’s Five Factor Model According to Porter (2001) the internet is an enabling technology that can be used within the context of a good business strategy in any industry. Although the Internet alters industry structures and levels the competitive ground often dampening profitability in the industry, it can be used to encourage and promote greater profitability if properly implemented. The five forces that impact competitiveness which are outlined in Porter’s 1980 work are: barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing competitors. In 2001 Porter considered these factors in light of the internet technologies. The influence of the internet has been profound especially in the hotel industry. According to Porter each factor has a different relevance or impact on different businesses so they are presented below in order of impact for hotels. Porter indicates that the great paradox of the internet is that the benefits it creates such as making information easily available, reducing purchasing hassles, and marketing which allow customers to find what is of interest are the very things that make it more difficult for companies to â€Å"capture those benefits as profits.† (2001). The most important determinant of a marketplace’s profit potential is the intrinsic power of buyers and sellers. Threat of Substitute Goods In the hotel industry there is usually another hotel just around the corner. They appear in all price ranges, with varying levels of service and amenities. The constant challenge will always be to get the guest to choose your hotel over the competitor. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Given the potency of this threat a superb internet presence is vital. Another ongoing threat is that another hotel chain may erode your customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or marketing campaign. This is supported by the following quote from Luck and Lancaster (2003): â€Å"The development of value chain process analysis, supported by collaborative event management over the Internet, the structuring and the sharing of customer focused value chain data, powerfully enhance the performance of value chains and of electronic commerce.† Bargaining Power of Buyers Business persons choosing a hotel for business travel are savvy consumers and they are comfortable with computer technology. It has become very simple for them to go online and book a hotel. They no longer need travel agents, corporate travel consultants or middle men of any kind to determine where they will stay. Porter’s model predicts this elimination of intermediaries. Tourists are more and more capable of using the internet in the same way but in another fulfillment of Porter’s model, they are more often bonding together in a novel way. They are finding internet businesses like cheaphotels.com which will negotiate or discover bargains for them. Both of these processes shift the bargaining power to the end user as the Porter model predicts and these same freedoms reduce the cost of switching so that loyalty is a thing of the past unless a particular hotel uses its one time opportunity when a customer stays at the hotel to deeply impress the customer with a unique and valuable differentiator. Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors in the hotel industry is fierce. When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences among competitors. People tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors. For example, someone who wants to spend the day in the historic town of Niagara-on-the-:Lake can easily choose a hotel in a near by town if the amenities or the price are better. Variable and fixed costs can be different in areas that are more expensive to live and work making it more difficult for a hotel in Niagara on the Lake to reduce their prices to the level of one in nearby St. Catharines. Barriers to Entry The initial investment in the hotel industry creates quite a barrier to entry but certain barriers to entering the hotel market are reduced by the internet. A presence on the internet reduces upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitor access to potential suppliers and resources. Even a bed and breakfast can use the websites of large chains to understand the key marketing concepts and the lures for customers. Switching costs are usually nil for a consumer. (McNurlin, 2006) A vital barrier would be differentiation. A hotel that can differential itself by location, by service, amenities or some other quality has the potential to attract and keep its clients. Another barrier to entry would be expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees frequently leave one hotel chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of training or of experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a hotel can make the greatest impact on its client and thereby on its bottom line. In fact many established companies have synergies between their established business and online technology. Bargaining power of suppliers While this is not a substantial threat in the hotel industry it can have impact especially in the area of labor. With an aging population, there are fewer people to fill service industry jobs and hotels which can attract excellent staff have a greater chance of providing excellent and exceptional experiences to their clientele. As part of their internet strategy all hotel chains should have a section on recruitment for employment. The other supplies that are needed by hotels are also easier to attain through internet channels whether originated by the supplier or by the hotel chain. With their products in greater demand by greater numbers of hoteliers suppliers gain some measure of power by competition for their offerings. Recommendations All of the hotels listed above can benefit from internet applications that produce greater value in the value chain. The firm’s infastructure can benefit from financial and ERP systems. Communicating with investors can also be done by internet. Human resources can be managed by the internet as part of the overall strategy as well providing internet based self service personnel and benefits, web based training, internet based sharing of information and knowledge and electronic time and expense reporting. Value can be increased by standardizing technology across multiple locations, forming knowledge directories, and allowing real time access to online booking information. Finally, every hotel could benefit by online inventory control and forecasting systems with suppliers. These improvements can all lead to greater profitability (Porter, 2001) Each type of hotel needs to identify its unique strengths and target market and align its internet strategy to support that identity Will the chain choose to be low cost, or to command a premium price? Distinguishing oneself from the competition becomes vital. This can be enhanced by superior technology, through superior inputs, through better training of staff or through better management. Differentiation adds value but the internet makes it hard to maintain those distinctive strategic positions because it eases change to best practices and it improves operational effectiveness. Never the less such distinctions make the business more profitable. By its basic nature the hotel industry is fragmented. The internet makes it easier for travelers from far and wide to learn about the hotel or to order a room but the customer must still come to the hotel for the service. This makes it more likely that the profitability will be there for when sale is easy to transact and complete the profit margin usually decreases. Porter points out similar examples with Real Estate and with furniture sales. Dealing directly is great for hotels. Other than travel agencies who arranged hotel stays the hotel business has always been a face to face business and this normally sustains the economic value of the transaction. For all of these chains the internet complements rather than cannibalizes established ways of doing business. It becomes one more link in the value chain. Every chain listed below should use its website to attract employees and to communicate a philosophy of management. In the employment section the designers must remember that they are communicating not only to potential employees but also communicating the service standards that the guests can expect. Vintage Inns Vintage Inns started in Niagara-on-the-Lake approximately 25 years ago when a recent immigrant bought many of the established old hotels in town. Since that time a focused business strategy has born fruit. It has established itself as a premium priced set of four diamond and five star hotels in an historical town offering a unique and pampered experience to customers who wish to enjoy the old town atmosphere. Its vision is supported by its internet presence. The site is simple but elegant. It is unaffiliated with rewards programs or with alliance programs and it partners with only two other historical inns in Ontario. It caters to those who have the resources and the wish to experience luxurious accommodations, fine dining, spas and the Shaw Festival theatre and the town’s shopping district in the wine country of Niagara. They cater to tourists, business, and weddings. The Vintage Inn website has a high quality video presentation that attempts to give the viewer a sense of the luxury, indulgence and pleasures available while staying at Vintage Inns. It communicates that the experiences of the town and its resources and history are highly integrated with the luxury experience of the hotels. Internet brands are difficult to build because the tangible experience of physical presence and of human contact are missing but the Vintage Inns video on its website goes a long way toward addressing this branding need. From Porter’s research a hotel chain such as this must differentiate itself to compete. It has chosen first class luxury and setting as differentials. The internet strategy must support those strategies emphasizing an all-encompassing luxury in a setting that provides an arts, cultural and historical experience in every aspect. It needs a website to communicate luxury, unique and pampering experience, to take bookings and demonstrate potential products and services. Like many luxury items, marketing by referral and exclusivity has its appeal so it should not ally with other hotels for internet marketing. They must not join any sell-off sites or organizations to offer rooms at discount prices for that would undermine their luxury status. Similarly joining â€Å"reward programs† would reduce their sense of upper class exclusivity. Alliances on the website must be limited to other luxury experiences such as helicopter rides, exclusive golf clubs and Shaw festival theatre packages, horse and buggy rides to historical sites and specialized wine tour experiences. These act as ‘complements’ in Porter’s view and raise profitability by being uniquely paired with the service provided in a manner that is not available anywhere else. The website must also indicate the hotel’s expertise in providing uncomplicated luxury experience. It should also steer away from any vestige of â€Å"sale prices†. It must erect an internet barrier that says that there is no substitute for luxury and no replacement for a true historical experience. Sheraton Hotels Sheraton Hotels Chain is a worldwide concern. They provide luxury and upscale full-service hotels, resorts and residence and is the largest brand serving in the Starwood alliance. The needs of luxury and upscale business and leisure travelers worldwide are their focus. â€Å" From full-service hotels in major cities to luxurious resorts by the water, Sheraton can be found in the most sought-after cities and resort destinations around the world. Every guest at Sheraton hotels and resorts feels a warm and welcoming connection, the feeling you have when you walk into a place and your favorite song is playing a sense of comfort and belonging. Our most recent innovation, the [emailprotected](SM) with Microsoft, encourages hotel guests to come out of their rooms to enjoy the energy and social opportunities of traveling. At Sheraton, we help our guests connect to what matters most to them, the office, home and the best spots in town.† The luxury experience is limited and focused on the bed, bedding, modern room dà ©cor and complementary spa products in the room. It is augmented by staff training and room service. As Porter pointed out in his 2001 article, some things must be excluded to focus on what the company does best. The website must be easy to use, communicate a comfortable level of luxury for primarily modern business travelers to worldwide destinations, and encourage booking. It also must indicate that the welcome feeling is part of what the staff is trained to provide as an expertise. IT also communicates the standardization of expectation worldwide and the meeting of the human need for connection as a differential. Alliances and reward programs make the cost of switching higher. Especially for the business traveler, for whom rewards are personally redeemable, staying with the chain provides rewards that the individual can enjoy only if they return whether on more business that costs him personally noth ing or for a discounted or free personal stay. This is a clever way to increase the cost of switching.

Managing change at the organization Royal Mail

Managing change at the organization Royal Mail Managing change in organization is a very difficult task but it is one of the required processes to be done in critical situations (demand). I have taken the organization Royal mail as a part of explaining how the royal mail group managed the change in the organisation. A new culture has been involved may be called as the management style change system in Royal mail. The further reports which I am going to point out will tell the facts how the change in management is managed by the Royal mail group of organization. In order to develop the manager styles a development plan has been implemented and evaluated to find out the reports of the new change plan and see how it works. This is done in accordance with a need that manager should have a stable style of management ethics and work activities to be carried out while in the job and it is the duty of the management team to monitor in regular intervals of time to time A small introduction about Royal Mail Group: When it comes to post or parcel in the U. K nobody never forget the Royal mail. The royal mail is a parent company of the post office ltd United Kingdom. Royal mail is one of the important businesses in the U.K (postal business and parcel service all over the world). The royal mail takes a pride by producing a fact that they deliver millions of letters to appropriate address in the UK everyday thereby stabilizing the brand of Royal mail group. They employ around 200,000 people for their postal services. Task 1 The back ground to change is mainly because of the advancement of technologies, new methods implemented all over the organisations thereby demanding the present organisation to make a change. This will support the organisation to a greater extent. The motivation to change is done by looking at the current economy, the current organisational change, certain needs of the organisation and many more. Taking the organisation royal mail group, I would like to explain in detail why the organisation needed a change? The letter and packages business has been divided into several sections like Difficult regulations and policies Process dominated organisation Lagging of technology Difficult regulations and policies: The different regulations and policies of the royal mail group increase the customer choice and competition. Followed by this, it is very difficult for royal mail to accept the proposals made by the post office. This will affect their ability to do service to the customers at a single price. The variations are going to affect them to greater extent. This will increase the weakness of the company. As a post office group, lot of external pressures from government will also add up. Hence there was a question on how royal group will achieve stable profitability. This made a need in change of the organisation. Process dominated organisation: The process is totally dominated by the organisation thereby demanding the buercratic style of passive employees. This will cause major operation in-efficiencies and hence the motivation of work force will go down. The work force will then form a union and will lead a strike. This type of actions will de-value the name of the royal mail group. Hence we need the change in management here to be taken place in this organisation. Lagging of technology: In todays world, technology has increased to a greater extent. More advancement has created the organisations to change their way and style of process. Task 1 Evaluate the Strength and weakness of bureaucratic organisation These types of organisation are well -structured, have a clear process authority and control. They are well suited for stable environments. The technologies can be used in a routine way in this type of organisations. The process they use, the technologies they adopt are quite difficult thereby the job in these types of organisation is quite rigid. The organisational structure is designed in such a way that only the job which has to be done will be processed and done. Strengths: The rules and behaviour are combined and strict The unity in operation is implemented in the organisation even with change in personal circumstances. The orientation structure is impersonal Functional specialisation is the main source for labours functional division Allocation of task is very stable in this type of organisation Based upon the technical knowledge of the employee, the promotion is initiated or given The job recruitment s is done on merit basis Proper membership is a way to a proper career in this type of organisations The authority of any process is legally defined The qualifications for any process is tested properly before being implemented The allocation of limited discretion officers and also the organisation has legally based tenure Weakness: The weakness of the organisation is also defined here to understand the changes to be done in bureaucratic organisations. The organisation have a rule that the authority is not on the person it is dependent on the position. Lagging of empathy due to its strict rules and regulations Lagging of rationality Decision making being more inflexible Limits defined in decision making Due to high rules are regulations, the decision making is done slow In this organisation there is no priority or any urgency Thus these are the evaluation of strength and weakness of bureaucratic organisations. Task 1 Alternative forms of organisational development Organisational development is said to be a planned intervention. There are many interventions developed to solve different problems. The plans and actions are designed for the change in the organisation. The organisation will implement different interventions in order to achieve the success. The main goal of the organisational structure is to achieve the goal with the change. There are different types of interventions. Many interventions are combined to produce different action plans. The whole actions include organisational training, analysis, conflict management, team management and organisational re-structuring. Types of interventions: Human resources the e.g. includes team building, consultation and recruitment process Technically more structural also can be defined as techno structural e.g. The management called total quality management, the re structure process and the design of work /process Management human resource e.g. 1. Diversity in management 2. Performance management 3. Appraisal of employees and many more Strategy process E.g. culture change involvement, transformation of organisation, self designing and management in strategy The training sensitivity: The main purpose of this training is to understand the behaviours aspect of themselves and to understand the others perception. Improvement can be done by getting the feedback Interpersonal conflict can be reduced Improves people to be more open, increases listening skills and others Efficiency of organisation and productivity is improved The facilator gives proper discussion and feedback thereby the facilator plays a very important role It has got broader scope but it lacks the specific goal. Feedback survey: Analysis of data done by different methods Information sharing is very important From all level of organisation, data collection of different levels has been done The participants and agents haven been transferred for the data usage. The solutions to the problem are only developed by the participants and they are very important to the organisation. Consultation of process: The process should be consulted as to make the process more effective Implementation of a goal for improving a particular process Problem solving method is increased and it the participants have been involved in it More steps/ pressure had been taken and given in order to reduce the inter personal problems. The consultation process determines the process that needs improvement. Interventions with teams: To improve the performance of teams working in the organisation Diagnosis of problems is done very quickly The main aim is to maintain and improve organisational process and team relationships Both the team member and the top management sit for a meeting to decide upon the diagnosis of problems. The whole groups and also divided into sub groups to collect different information for the organisational development is done. The guidance is given towards the achievements of goal The meeting is conducted only in need and also in regular intervals. Plans are prepared and what actions have to be taken is carefully observed and plan is handed over to the representatives. A Meeting to improve team building ( formal one ): The group of team building meeting is conducted at a far place The issues are discussed and the members are assigned with different responsibilities Action plan is prepared and given to the members The team building meeting is initated by managers with a supervision of external consultant. Team building techniques: Accepting things in a positive way and self awareness is very important Through repression and confrontation, the negative feeling can be resolved. Physiotherapy is made to involve in focusing on the individuals. Analysis of Role by John Thomas: Focal role is the name of this role It is a process that defines the role of team members Suggestions by team leaders, expectations are achieved By making compromises, certain problems are resolved. Interventions Intergroup team building: Improves relationship between different team groups Communication flow is easy Communication gap is understood and exchange of information is done Unresolved problems are discussed to make it solve as soon as possible It helps to improve the interaction level within groups Thus these are the steps done for intergroup team building Interventions Structural: It is mainly done in order to bring the change in task and technological process. Technostrutural interventions is also an another name of this interventions. Task 2 Royal mail group limited defines always that the whole group is for their people. They strongly believe that only hard work will take forward for their change required. Royal mail feels that it needs to develop proper relationship with the people and the stake holders. They are more focussed on delivering the incentives properly to the stake holders will identify them to accept the change. They are dedicated in encouraging Leadership commitment for the safety issues To set safety standards by the line and role managers Recognition of management , consequences faced and accountabilities are the major source to encourage by the royal mail group To develop the systems for the stakeholders first a proper system plan should be done and processed. It is explained below as follows Appropriate plan (adaption) The managers are made to know about the change in management and they are introduced for the development programme. Aims at helping the managers with respect to the development plan with different activities available to them It helps them to communicate a bit further about the values of managers thereby supporting the business Expectation of managers are re-enforced Motivate the managers so that the managers will try to excite or surprise people Proving update on current business Making the benefits of the event my development is very important. All these plans will make the manager become more enthusiastic about the change in plan and will be happy to introduce and explain these systems to the stake holders. This type of process and systems will be done with appropriate meeting with the stake holders and the people who are involved in this process. Proper feedback for the change in management will be explained by the role and line managers in the meeting thereby the stakeholders can also know what exactly is happening and why the change in management is needed. Stake holders should also be know the fact that what will be the output of this outcome. This development plan how it will help the organisations and how far it will benefit the stake holder .these analysis can be done by conducting audit reports on this process by external and internal factors. By analysing this system, the key stake holders will be in a proper well known state about the change in management. Task 2 To evaluate these systems and to involve the key stake holders in the organisation there are certain strategies to be followed It is explained as follows When there is a change, it is very important for the organisation to inform all of its sub-ordinates. In other words, getting people involved and communication are the main factors in evaluating and execution of change. Communication is a very important tool acting here as it not only involves listening but also the person can take the feedback and present it to the organisation thereby making them to take actions on it. To accept the change, there is always a fear for people which can be destroyed when there is a proper communication. The people will really get encouraged especially the stake holders if they know everything about the change with a proper communication. The royal mail should not think stake holders as obstacles but they need to explain them for the need in change, make them involve in it and make responsible. Royal mail should make the stake holders understand that change in development is done in order to develop the managers, responsible for decision making and oth er operational managements. The moment of sustainability is very important when there is a change in management. The stake holders and the royal mail group ltd should discuss about the resources provided for the change and the support for the change thereby reducing the reduction of enthusiasm in stake holders. The royal mail team will have a team for change management which will deal with difficulties, develop the managers for the change. Under this change in management, the managers will be in a position to use the resources and move the business forward with clear vision. All these strategies have to be explained clearly to the royal mail stake holders. Thus these are the strategy to be followed in order to involve the stakeholder in the change in management. Task 3 The new model that can be appropriate to the royal mail group is as follows Development of skills and new competences model There are five key areas where the managers should be capable of taking authority and responsibility at work Inspiration of people: Inspiring is an attractive term used in the field of management. When people get inspired they are really feeling happy about what the management is telling about. Thus by inspiring skills, the management can easily manage the change in organisation. Action focused: The main focus of action should be with the customers and the service. The royal mail group has got lot of actions to be focused. Especially, in winter times the postal services or the parcel process may get delayed which might annoy the customers. The royal group ltd should focus on this particular action and appoint some new volunteers staff to avoid any delay in their process. This would make the customers feel more confident on royal mail groups. All these action focus should be done by the managers and that is how they can easily manage the change in management. Seeking improvements: The managers should be always in an enthusiastic mood to seek improvements in their field. As a manger, he /she should be able to learn new things for the change in management. Only if the mangers are in a proper learned way, then only we can sort out all the external problems. Continuous seeking improvement is one of the skills needed for the managers. Results should be driving: These areas are considered to be the more sensitive area. The results where the managers should deliver should drive the customers to a greater extent. Even with the changes in policies the organisation should be able to give better results and perform better services to the customers Ownership should be taken by managers: The managers should be able to take ownership on their own and do everything with respect to the organisation. Under this management plan, managers will be able to acquire good confidence and the right skills and make royal mail a nice place to work. Thus these are the different skills to be acquired for the managers and thus these plans will be a appropriate model for the royal mail group ltd. Task 3 Implementation of model process and their outcomes To implement a process model the organisation need proper plan and proper managerial skills to be performed. The steps to be done are as follows Plan for programme: The organisation communicating with the people about their development plan an introduction is given in first quarter of the year. In this first quarter meeting, the managers will come to know about their new management change plan and their benefits. Top level executives, senior managers and other top level people will be heading this change management programme. This plan is essential to implement the process model successfully. Over the year there will be many practical workshops, Action learning training, modules skills classes. This will be taking place including e-coaching. Workshops ( Practical ): This work-shop will be a class based one and this will emphasize more on the safety issues diversity, and about the rapid growth of business ideas. This plan would be very ideal in the change in management system. Modules: Modules will be skill based development programme. This might include interaction with others, communication development, giving feedback, decision making, working in a collaborative manner and assertiveness etc. Action learning: The managers will go and meet with groups of other managers for a formal meeting to review the reports by time to time. This will enable action learning programme to be more efficient for the managers. The report will make the organisation to develop their progress in the any field the organisation demands. This action learning programme is implemented nowadays much in the corporate culture as to fill the communication gap and also to monitor the progress at regular time intervals. Coaching: A different type of coaching is being introduced by the managers which are called as external coaching. External teachers have been taking into the organisation and they help the managers or the individuals to improve their performance. These types of coaching help the managers to tackle many unresolved problems. E-learning: Nowadays e-learning is a very powerful a popular method to study and analyse different things. The information can be assessed online at any time irrespective of any problems. The manager will study products which include business management, different type of risk analysis, attendance, performance appraisal and many more. Reporting and Accessing: The manager performance is monitored and reported every year with different mentor giving feedback They are assessed in factors like How the manager has developed their sub-ordinates How the managers has identified themselves about the need and change in management and their responsibilities. To develop the people there are many process and time involved. This factor is assessed to manager on how he takes this factor importantly. Outstanding performance given to the managers with promotional offers. Senior appraisals and capability of mangers is also monitored in this process After accessing all this factors, a report from the mentor is given to the organisation thereby explaining the benefits done and efficiency of the manager. Feedbacks: This is a very important factor which decides so many things in an organisation. An employee survey is conducted in regular intervals to find out how the employees are in with the organisation. The royal mail group ltd does this as a way to improve further and it is done on weekly basis. Thus this is how the model should be implemented when there is a change in management and the improvements have been mentioned in the above report that why these plans are executed and done with respect to the organisation. Conclusion: This case-study royal mail group ltd is was very innovative. It was expressing all about the changes needed in operation when there is a change in management and how the managers should take responsibility and fix themselves into the different implementation plans and learn different things. The report was also talks about why change is required in this economy- The strengths and weakness of the bureaucratic organisations. The report also defines about the stake holders analysis and how the systems should be developed and how stake holders should be involved in the change in organisation. Finally, I have researched about the different plans to be learnt and implemented and their process and outcomes for the change in management. Overall, royal mail is looking at the organisation structure which can yield profit to them when the change has happened. My management plans shows that the organisation is expecting all the staffs to work together in this competitive challenging market and a chieve the targets. This development programme will make the life easier for the managers as they learn all the necessary things. Thus managers will do a great job in the change of management. The group wide management programme will also provide a great way to tackle the problems of the work force and to attain the sustainability of the organisation. The main important thing in this whole project is the capability of managers as he stands here as the back bone for the change in organisation. Thus overall, the manager plays a vital role in changing the change in management and culture change in the organisation.

The Aerospike :: physics aerospike rocket engine

When a rocket's fuel ignites, the molecules in the fuel release a tremendous amount of energy in the forms of heat, light, and sound. They expand rapidly as they move from the "throat" of the nozzle into the "bell." The compressed air inside the balloon wants to expand outward. Therefore it presses against the walls of the balloon in every direction except the place where there is no wall - the "nozzle" of the balloon. Because there is no force vector in this location, adding the vectors yields a net force to the right. A bell nozzle, where a fuel (liquid Hydrogen) mixes with an oxidizer (liquid Oxygen) at a rate "m." As they ignite they are forced into the throat, where they are compressed substantially. As they move out into the bell, they steadily expand, pushing against the nozzle and creating a net upward thrust, similar to the compressed air pushing on the walls of the balloon. Luckily, a rocket can be controlled more than a released balloon. Nozzles do not have to be bell shaped - as long as gas is expanding and pushing against a surface, creating thrust, any shape can be used! One alternative to the bell engine is the spike configuration. In particular, the Aerospike engine will be described and analyzed. The "Spike," or annular, engine is one of three basic engine designs: cones, bells, and annulars.The Cone is the simplest engine design. A cone with a narrow angle provides the greatest thrust, but a longer engine means increased weight. A short, wide-angle cone tends to be unstable under pressure (in the atmosphere). For example, the Apollo Saturn 5 featured long, relatively thin nozzles for optimum thrust at sea level. The Command Module, which operated only in space, utilized a comparatively wider engine for more expansion in space. The Bell nozzle is a compromise, opening up more rapidly near the throat and then opening more slowly near the end. However, bell nozzles are optimized for specific altitudes, therefore they will only provide their maximum thrust at a given altitude - at all other points they will provide less-than-optimum thrust. The annular, or "altitude compensating" engine is a more recently developed design. Commonly referred to as Spike engines, annulars operate with exhaust flow outside what is typically thought of as the nozzle. The exhaust flows around a central spike, rather than being contained by walls. They are called "annular" because the throat is donut-shaped, with the spike protruding from the middle.

Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Essay

Stream of Consciousness in Katherine Anne Porter's The Jilting of Granny Weatherall In "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall," Katherine Anne Porter applies the rhetorical technique stream of consciousness to guide her audience through the last sixty years of a leathery, bitter woman jilted in life, and finally in death. The seemingly aimless and casual technique, similar to a human's thought pattern, effectively develops the exposition, conflict, and denouement. By using the stream of consciousness technique, Porter establishes Granny Weatherall's background. The occasional glimpse into the main character's past reveals the demanding responsibilities of a young widow. She reflects on how digging post holes, riding country roads in the winter, and sitting up nights with sick horses, negroes, and children, changed her from the bride her late husband had known. Furthermore, the technique challenges the reader to draw conclusions from the vague references of death of her husband, John, and her daughter, Hapsy. Granny Weatherall imagines seeing John again, pondering on how her children a...